在過去的研究，臨床和生物力學的研究人員對於發展肌肉骨骼模型展現高度興趣。在一些付費軟體之中，提供了互動式的環境並可輸出運動中肌肉的力和力矩表現。但是現有的軟體不能將動作模擬系統結合起來並對於使用者有相當的限制。在過去的文獻中，大多數學者研究推輪椅時上肢各關節之接觸力和力矩，並集中注意在肩關節肌肉力量的分析。藉由分析多關節肌肉功能的輪椅推進，而擴展從肩膀到手腕在三維空間中的關節肌肉骨骼模型，並使用肌肉在動作中施放的表面電訊號作為上肢肌肉骨骼模型的驗證。
本研究參與受試者為十位上肢曾未受過嚴重傷害之正常男性，。一台裝有訂製量測工具輪的市售輪椅以及擁有八台攝影機的動作擷取系統，用來收集運動學及動力學量測資料。本上肢關節肌肉力學模型包含三十四條肌肉，結合逆向動力學演算法和牛頓法計算平衡方程式，並用最佳化求解，目標函數為使肌肉應力平方合最小並設定限制為X、Y、Z三方向關節作用力矩等於零。
結果顯示在輪椅推進期中，屈指淺肌有較大於其他腕關節肌肉之力量。在輪椅回復期中，尺側腕屈肌、指淺屈肌和伸肌橈側腕環有較大的力量。總結而言，本研究之模型可用於分析、並調整任意肌肉之參數以及限制來探討各肌肉之交互影響，做為臨床上的應用。

For the past studies, clinical and biomechanical researchers interested in the development the musculoskeletal model. There was some of commercial software that provided the interactive source and output the data of muscle forces and moments etc the kinematic data. Nevertheless, the existing models could not combine with the motion capture system. The commercially available software still had some limitations for users. By analyzing the multi-joint muscle function during wheelchair propulsion, we extend the three-dimensional musculoskeletal model from the joint of shoulder to wrist and use EMG tests to prove the musculoskeletal model of upper limb.
Ten normal subjects participated in this study. A Quikie GP ultralight wheelchair with custom instrumental wheels and an 8-camera motion capture system were used to collect the kinetic and kinematic measurements. A musculoskeletal model of upper limb including thirty-four muscle lines was combined the inverse dynamic solution and Newtonian formulation to calculate the equilibrium equation. Muscle forces were solved by the optimization method and the objective function was to minimize the sum of squared muscle stress and set entire joint constraint moment to zero.
Results of this study showed that in propulsion phase, flexor digitorum superficialis index muscle have larger predicted muscle forces than the other wrist muscles. In recovery phase, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis ring and extensor carpi radialis longus has larger predicted muscle force. To conclude, the present model can be used to analyze and adjusted the parameter of each muscle in upper limb or constraint to investigate the interactive of every muscle for clinical applications.

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