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研究生： 劉書婷
Liu, Shu-Ting
論文名稱： 英國連環會(1892-1909)——畫意攝影中的騎士精神
The Linked Ring(1892-1909):The Spirit of Chivalry in Pictorialism
指導教授： 王雅倫
Wang, Ya-Lun
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 文學院 - 藝術研究所
Institute of Art Studies
論文出版年： 2023
畢業學年度： 111
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 347
中文關鍵詞： 畫意攝影 、連環會 、沙龍展 、畫報 、攝影美學
外文關鍵詞： Pictorialism, The Linked Ring, Photography Exhibitions, Pictorial, Photographic Aesthetics
相關次數： 點閱：141  下載：11 
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  •  上一筆

    • 在攝影史上的第一場藝術思維轉變運動，即是攝影從科學工具轉為藝術作品。 重新思考何為攝影與何為藝術，進而衍生出探討繪畫審美與攝影技術之間的關係。 主張從形式到內容都模仿繪畫意象的畫意主義攝影就此誕生，也成為攝影史上第 一個攝影流派。
    1892 年一群業餘攝影師為了維護「攝影即是一種藝術」等理念，脫離當時偏 向科學研究的主流學會，並成立連環會。此過程視為一種「捍衛攝影是一門藝術也 是一門科學」的手段，藉由定期舉辦攝影沙龍展、發行畫報與創立國際分會等實際 行動，讓畫意攝影在十九世紀末至二十世紀初之間成為國際性攝影潮流。連環會影 響了當時的歐洲與其他區域，也將攝影搬至藝術展覽與藝術評論的舞台上。同時， 他們代表著當時攝影團體的藝術思想轉變，如同維護藝術攝影的護行騎士，影響了 後世的攝影美學觀念，也奠定現代主義攝影詮釋新視野的可能性。
    本論文以整理畫意攝影的歷史脈絡與釐清連環會的成立背景與發展。藉由連 環會主要參與者的美學觀，深入探析在當時的時代背景下攝影美學的發展脈絡。從 科學發明至攝影美學的轉變，如何藉由一場又一場的沙龍展與連環會成員發行的 畫報達到攝影美學的宣傳意義。最後探討連環會對後世的影響以及重新定義它在 攝影史上的地位。期許透過本研究，能讓大家更注意到這群在攝影史上具有存在性 與革命性的攝影團體，並借此題材論述補充整個攝影史脈絡前期所帶來的攝影美 學衝擊。

    The first movement in the history of photography that marked a shift in artistic thinking was when photography transformed from a scientific tool into an art form. It prompted a reevaluation of what photography and art truly meant, leading to an exploration of the relationship between aesthetic principles in painting and photographic techniques. This gave rise to Pictorialism, a photographic movement that advocated for mimicking the imagery of paintings in both form and content. Pictorialism became the first recognized genre in the history of photography, reflecting the society's pursuit of innovative expressions in photographic form.
    In 1892, a group of amateur photographers, advocating for the idea that “photography is a form of art,” broke away from the mainstream scientific-oriented associations and formed The Linked Ring. The Brotherhood was seen as a means to defend the belief that photography is both an art and a science. They took practical actions such as organizing regular photography salon exhibitions, publishing pictorial magazines, and establishing international branches. Through these efforts, pictorial photography became an international trend between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing Europe and other regions. It also brought photography onto the stage of art exhibitions and art criticism. The Brotherhood represented a shift in artistic thinking among photography groups at that time, akin to the knights defending artistic photography. Their influence shaped the aesthetic concepts of photography for future generations and laid the groundwork for new possibilities in interpreting modernist photography. These movements have sparked the author's motivation to further study the subject.
    This thesis aims to organize the historical context of pictorial photography and clarify the background and development of The Brotherhood of the Linked Ring. By delving into the aesthetic perspectives of the main participants in the Brotherhood, it seeks to explore the development of photographic aesthetics within the contemporary context. It examines the transition from scientific invention to the aesthetics of photography and how the promotion of photographic aesthetics was achieved through numerous salon exhibitions and the publication of pictorial magazines by the members of The Linked Ring. Lastly, it investigates the influence of the Brotherhood on subsequent generations and its position in the history of photography. Ultimately, through this research, the intention is to bring attention to this revolutionary group of photographers who played a significant role in the history of photography and to complement the understanding of the impact of photographic aesthetics in the earlier stages of the overall historical context of photography.

    目錄 目錄 xx 圖目錄 xxv 表目錄 xxix 緒論 1 壹、研究動機與目的 1 一、研究動機 1 二、研究目的 3 貳、文獻回顧 4 ㄧ、畫意攝影相關文獻 4 二、連環會相關文獻 9 三、早期現代主義攝影相關文獻 13 四、藝術攝影美學相關文獻 14 參、研究方法與步驟 17 一、研究方法 17 二、研究步驟 18 肆、研究範圍與限制 19 一、研究範圍 19 二、研究限制 19 伍、名詞解釋 20 一、核心名詞解釋 20 陸、章節架構 21 第一章 十九世紀畫意攝影（Pictorialism）發展簡史 23 第一節 畫意攝影的背景與文化 26 一、攝影與科學 27 二、攝影與繪畫 29 第二節 畫意流派與美學意識—格雷、雷蘭德、卡麥隆 38 一、藝術攝影—勒・格雷 38 二、合成攝影—雷蘭德 41 三、柔焦攝影—卡麥隆 44 第三節 畫意攝影與連環會—羅賓遜與艾默生的辯論 47 一、畫意主義攝影—羅賓遜 48 二、自然主義攝影—艾默生 51 三、藝術攝影的觀念大論戰 54 第二章 英國連環會的緣起 59 第一節 科學與藝術之爭—連環會的創立（1892） 60 一、攝影分離運動 65 二、連環會的成立 66 第二節 連環會沙龍展的歷程（1893-1909） 71 一、1893年至1900年間的攝影沙龍展 74 二、1901年至1905年間的攝影沙龍展 81 三、1905年至1909年間的攝影沙龍展 83 第三節 攝影表現與展示的轉變 88 一、攝影印刷作品的表現 88 二、沙龍攝影作品的展示 91 第三章 將攝影視為一種藝術—沙龍展與畫報 94 第一節 （英國）攝影沙龍與畫報的影響 95 一、倫敦攝影沙龍展的國際化 95 二、沙龍攝影展的相關畫報 98 （一）連環會出版品 99 （二）《業餘攝影師》 99 （三）《年度展覽》 100 （四）《美國業餘攝影師》 101 第二節 連環會成員與其他攝影俱樂部 103 一、國際攝影攝影師協會 105 二、維也納連環分會 107 三、巴黎連環分會 108 四、德國連環分會 109 五、美國連環分會 110 六、連環會成員參與其他攝影俱樂部....................................................................112 第三節 畫意攝影與連環會的沒落 115 一、連環會的分裂 115 二、倫敦沙龍 119 三、倫敦分離派 120 第四章 連環會對二十世紀攝影藝術的影響 123 第一節 1880-1910年代的攝影美學觀的變革—圓桌武士精神 124 一、連環會的騎士精神 125 二、寫實紀錄到朦朧氛圍 127 三、文學寓意到符號象徵 129 四、寧靜鄉村到寂寞都市 130 第二節 再生—美國的攝影沙龍展 133 一、美國的攝影分離運動 134 二、分離派成員與畫意主義 138 第三節 畫意攝影的延續與現代攝影的興起 142 一、攝影的形式與抽象化 145 二、女性攝影的崛起 147 三、風景攝影與集錦攝影的詩意表現 150 四、現代攝影的興起 152 結論 157 引用文獻 161 一、專書著作 161 （一）中文著作 161 （二）翻譯著作 161 （三）外文著作 162 二、論文與論文集 166 （一）論文 166 （二）論文集 167 三、期刊 167 （一）外文期刊 167 四、網路資料 172 （一）網路文獻資料 172 附錄 177

    一、專書著作
    （一）中文著作
    1. 何藩。《世界攝影史》。臺北，藝術圖書公司，未知年出版。
    2. 曾恩波。《世界攝影史》。北京：藝術圖書公司（中國攝影出版社），1983。
    3. 王雅倫。《光與電 : 影像在視覺藝術中的角色與實踐（1880-2001） 》。臺北市：美學書房，2000。
    4. 顧錚。《世界攝影史》。浙江市：浙江攝影出版社，2006。
    5. 鄭意萱。《攝影藝術簡史》。台北：藝術家出版社，2007。
    6. 林路。《攝影思想史》。杭州：浙江攝影出版社，2008。
    7. 林路。《風景攝影史》。連江攝影出版社，2009。
    8. 秦劍。《繪畫與攝影在互動中的流變》。桂林：廣西師範大學出版社，2012。
    9. 郭力昕。《書寫攝影相片的文化與文化》。臺北市 : 汪達數位，2013。
    10. 陳學聖。《1911-1949找回失落的民國攝影》。臺北：富凱藝術有限公司，2015。
    11. 王雅倫。《臺灣攝影史的黎明》。臺南市：成大出版社出版：財團法人成大研究發展基金會發行，2021。
    （二）翻譯著作
    1. 蘇珊・桑塔格（Susan Sontag）著，黃燦然譯。《論攝影》（On Photog-raphy）。臺北：麥田出版，2010。
    2. 傑瑞・貝傑（Gerry Badger）著，施昀佑、黃一凱譯。《攝影的精神：攝影如何改變我們的世界》（The Genius of Photography）。臺北：大家出版，2011。
    3. 內奥米・羅森布拉姆（Naomi Rosenblum）著，包甦譯。《世界攝影史》（A World History of Photograhy）。北京：中國攝影出版社，2012。
    4. 安德烈・岡特爾（André Gunthert），米歇爾・普瓦韋爾（Michel Poivert）著，趙欣、王帥譯。《世界攝影藝術史》（L’Art De La Photographie）。北京：中國攝影出版社，2016。
    5. 杰弗里・巴欽（Geoffrey Batchen）著，毛衛東譯。《熱切的渴望：攝影概念的誕生》（Burning with desire: the conception of photography）。北京：中國民族攝影藝術出版社，2016。
    6. 湯姆・昂（Tom Ang）著，羅晨、王丁丁譯。《偉大的攝影》。北京：北京美術攝影出版，2019。
    7. 華特・班雅明（Walter Benjamin）著，莊仲黎譯。《機械複製時代的藝術作品》（Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit）。臺北：商周出版，2019。
    （三）外文著作
    1. Alinder, James. and John Szarkowski. Ansel Adams: classic images. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986. Print.
    2. Amar, Pierre-Jean. Histoire de la photographie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1999. Print.
    3. Aubenas, Sylvie. Gustave Le Gray, 1820-1884. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002. Print.
    4. Bajac, Quentin. The Invention of Photography: The First Fifty Years. London: Thames and Hudson, 2002. Print.
    5. Batchen, Geoffrey. Burning with desire: the conception of photography. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1997. Print.
    6. Bunnell, Peter C. A Photographic vision: Pictorial photography, 1889-1923. Santa Barbara: P. Smith, 1980. Print.
    7. Corbett, David Peters. The World in Paint: Modern Art and Visuality in England, 1848-1914. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004. Print.
    8. Couturier, Élisabeth. Talk about contemporary photography. Paris: Flammarion, 2012. Print.
    9. Darwin, Charles. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London; New York: Harper Collins, 2009. Print.
    10. Daum, Patrick., et al. Impressionist camera: pictorial photography in Europe, 1888-1918. London, New York and Merrell: Saint Louis Art Museum, 2006. Print.
    11. Eder, Josef Maria. History of Photography. Trans. Edward Epstean. New York: Dover Publications, 1945. Print.
    12. Emerson, P. H. Naturalistic photography for students of the art: The death of naturalistic photography. New York: Amphoto, 1973. Print.
    13. Frizot, Michel. A New History of Photography. Michigan: Könemann, 1998. Print.
    14. Font-Reaulx, Dominique de. Painting and photography, 1839-1914. London: Thames & Hudson, distributor, 2012. Print.
    15. Galassi, Peter. Before photography : painting and the invention of photography. New York: Museum of Modern Art; Boston: Distributed by New York Graphic Society, 1981. Print.
    16. ---. Corot in Italy: Open-Air Painting and the Classical-Landscape Tradition. New York: Yale University press, 1991. Print.
    17. Gernsheim, Helmut. Creative photography: aesthetic trends, 1839-1960. New York: Dover Publications, 1991. Print.
    18. Goldberg, Vicki., et al. American photography : a century of images. San Francisco, Calif. : Chronicle Books, 1999. Print.
    19. Gunthert, André., Poivert, Michel. L' art de la photographie. Paris: Citadelles, 2016. Print.
    20. Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Thoughts About Art. Charleston, London: Macmillan, 1873. Print.
    21. Handy, Ellen. Pictorial effect naturalistic vision: the photographs and theories of Henry Peach Robinson and Peter Henry Emerson. Norfolk, Va.: Chrysler Museum, 1994. Print.
    22. Harker, Margaret Florence. Henry Peach Robinson : master of photographic art, 1830-1901. Oxford, UK; New York : B. Blackwell, 1988. Print.
    23. ---. The linked ring the secession movement in photography in Britain 1892-1910. London: Random House, 1979. Print.
    24. ---. Victorian and Edwardian Photographs. London: Charles Letts Books, 1982, original version 1975. Print.
    25. Haworth-Booth, Mark. The Golden Age of British Photography, 1839-1900. Millerton, N.Y.: Aperture in association with the Philadelphia Museum of Art; New York: distributed in the U.S. by Viking Penguin, 1984. Print.
    26. Hirsch, Robert. Seizing the light: a history of photography. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Print.
    27. Hours, Madeleine. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1984. Print.
    28. Hunt, Robert. A popular treatise on the art of photography: including daguerreotype and all the new methods of producing pictures by the chemical agency of light. Chicago: Ohio University Press, 1841. Print.
    29. J. Paul Getty Museum. Gustave Le Gray, Carleton E. Watkins: pioneers of landscape photography. Frankfurt am Main: Städtische Galerie im Städelschen Kunstinstitut; Malibu, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1993. Print.
    30. Jones, Kimberly., et al. In the Forest of Fontainebleau: Painters and Photographers from Corot to Monet. Washington: National Gallery of Art; Houston: Museum of Fine Arts; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.
    31. Kingsley, Hope., Riopelle, Christopher. Seduced by art: photography past and present. London: National Gallery, 2012. Print.
    32. Lemagny, Jean-Claude., Rouille, Andre. A History of Photography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Print.
    33. Lyden, Anne., Kingsley, Hope. The Photographs of Frederick H. Evans. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010. Print.
    34. Mayer Louis Frederic., et al. Photography considered as an art and as an industry: history of its discovery, its progress, its applications, its future. Paris: Hachette, 1862. Print.
    35. Newhall, Beaumont. Masters of Photography. New York: Castle Books, 1958. Print.
    36. ---.. The history of photography : from 1839 to the present. New York: Museum of Modern Art: Distributed by New York Graphic Society Books, 1982. Print.
    37. Newhall, Nancy. P. H. Emerson: The fight for photography as a fine art. New York: Distributed Art Pub Inc, 1985. Print.
    38. Peterson, Christian A. Alfred Stieglitz's Camera notes. New York: Published by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts in association with W.W. Norton, 1993. Print.
    39. ---. After the Photo-Secession: American Pictorial Photography,1910-1955. New York and London: Minneapolis Institute of Arts and W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. Print.
    40. Photographic Society of London. The Journal of the Photographic Society of London: Containing the Transactions of the Society And a General Record of Photographic Art And Science. London: Taylor and Francis, 1853-54. Print.
    41. Price, Mary. The photograph: a strange confined space. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994. Print.
    42. Robinson, Henry Peach. Letters on landscape photography. Charleston, SC: BiblioLife, 2008. Print.
    43. ---. Pictorial Effect in Photography: Being Hints on Composition and Chiaroscuro for Photographers. London：Piper & Carter, 1869. Print.
    44. Rosenblum, Naomi. A history of women photographers. New York: Abbeville Press, 2000. Print.
    45. ---. A World History of Photography. New York: Abbeville Press, 2008. Print.
    46. Scharf, Aaron. Art and Photography. London: Penguin Books, 1991. Print.
    47. Schwarz, Heinrich. Art and Photography: Forerunners and Influences. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985. Print.
    48. Spencer, Stephanie. O.G. Rejlander: Photography as Art. Ann arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1985. Print.
    49. Sternberger, Paul Spencer. Between amateur and aesthete: the legitimization of photography as art in America, 1880-1900. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001. Print.
    50. Stieglitz, Alfred. Camera work : the complete illustrations 1903-1917. New York: Taschen, 1997. Print.
    51. Talbot, William Henry Fox. The Pencil of Nature. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1844-1846. Print.
    52. Taylor, John. Pictorial Photography in Britain, 1900-1920. London: Arts Council of Great Britain (ACGB), 1978. Print.
    53. Trachtenberg, Alan. Classic Essays on Photography. Chicago: Leete's Island Books,1980. Print.
    54. ---. Reading American photographs : images as history, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. New York: Hill and Wang, 1989. Print.
    55. Warner, Marien Mary. Photography: A Cultural History. New York: Laurence King Publishing, 2021. Print.
    56. Weaver, Mike. British Photography in the 19th Century: The Fine Art Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print.
    57. ---, et al. The Art of Photography, 1839-1989. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Print.
    58. Wilder, Kelley. Photography and science. London: Reaktion Books, 2009. Print.
    二、論文與論文集
    （一）論文
    1. Barber, Julia Ann.“Reframing Art Photography: Strategies of Display and Design in British Pictorialism. ”Diss. U of Brown University, 2018.
    2. Barber, Julia Ann.“The Pictorialist Gallery: Linked Ring Photographic Salons, 1893-1909.”Diss. U of B.A., Swarthmore College, 2009.
    3. Hubert, Henry Allan. “The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges.” Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.
    4. MacLachlan, Jill Marie. “As if I had wings to fly : the victorian cult of feminine beauth” Diss. U of University of Alberta, 1987.
    5. Mulligan, Mary Therese. “Julia Margaret Cameron and the Art of the Portrait: Portraits of Great Men and Beautiful Women. ” Diss. U of Michigan State University, 1986.
    6. Paul Spencer Sternberger“Between Amateur and Aesthete The Legitimization of Photography as Art in America, 1880-1900.” Diss. U of Columbia University, 1997.
    （二）論文集
    1. 游本寬著，《美術攝影論思》（Issues of fine art photography），台北市：北美館，2003。
    2. 中華攝影教育學會著，《攝影與藝術—專題學術研討會文集》，臺北市：中華攝影教育學會，1997。
    三、期刊
    （一）外文期刊
    1. Photographic Salon
    a. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1894. London: Dudley Gallery, 1894. print.
    b. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1895. London: Dudley Gallery, 1895. print.
    c. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1896. London: Dudley Gallery, 1896. print.
    d. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1897. London: Dudley Gallery, 1897. print.
    e. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1898. London: Dudley Gallery, 1898. print.
    f. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1899. London: Dudley Gallery, 1899. print.
    g. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1900. London: Dudley Gallery, 1900. print.
    h. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1903. London: Dudley Gallery, 1903. print.
    i. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1904. London: Dudley Gallery, 1904. print.
    j. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1905. London: Dudley Gallery, 1905. print.
    k. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1906. London: Dudley Gallery, 1906. print.
    l. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1908. London: Dudley Gallery, 1908. print.
    m. The Linked Ring. Photographic Salon, 1909. London: Dudley Gallery, 1909. print.
    2. Programs of the Year
    a. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Two Great Exhibitions. The Photography Salon” Photograms of the Year, London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1899. p.88-117. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsyeara00mortgoog/page/n87/mode/1up>
    b. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Two Great Exhibitions. The Pho-tography Salon.” Photograms of the Year, London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1900. p.109-168. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear00unse/page/109/mode/2up>
    c. Stieglitz, Alfred. “The Photo-Secession at the National Arts Club, New York.” Photograms of the Year. London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1902. p.17-20. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.99959/page/16/mode/1up>
    d. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Two Great Exhibitions. The Pho-tography Salon.” Photograms of the Year, London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1902. p.115-154. Internet Archive. Web 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.99959/page/115/mode/1up>
    e. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “Royal and Ring.” Photograms of the Year, London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1904. p.87-94. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear1904unse/page/n86/mode/1up>
    f. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The two Great Photography Exhibiti-ons. I. The Photography salon.” Photograms of the Year, London: Da-wbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1904. p.94-120. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear1904unse/page/n94/mode/1up>
    g. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Two Great Exhibitions I. The Salon.” Photograms of the Year. London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1905. p.95-122. Internet Archive. Getty Research Institute 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear1904unse/page/95/mode/1up>
    h. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Two Great Exhibitions I. The Salon.” Photograms of the Year. London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1906. p.525-602. Internet Archive.Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear1904unse/page/n527/mode/1up>
    i. Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. “The Great Exhibitions I. The Salon.” Photograms of the Year, London: Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., 1907. p.273-281. Internet Archive. Wed 8 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/photogramsofyear1904unse/page/n272/mode/1up>
    3. The American amateur photographer
    a. Burchett, Arthur. “Photography in Relation to Painting.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol IV. No.8 (1892): 350-354. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur07unkngoog/page/350/mode/1up>
    b. Robinson, Henry Peach. “Individuality in Photography.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol IV. No.8 (1892): 355-359. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur07unkngoog/page/355/mode/1up>
    c. Sutcliffe, Francis Meadow Frank. “How to Look at Photographs.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol IV. No.8 (1892): 360-363. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur07unkngoog/page/360/mode/1up>
    d. Silver, Matt. “Shall Amateurs Do Their Own Printing? ” The American Amateur Photographer Vol IV. No.9 (1892): 399-400. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur07unkngoog/page/399/mode/1up>
    e. Jr., Rudolf Eickemeyer. “LIMITATIONS OF PICTORIAL PHOTOGRA-PHY.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol VII. No.5 (1895): 221. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur00unkngoog/page/221/mode/1up?view=theater>
    f. Davison, George. “The London Exhibitions.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol VII. No.11 (Nov. 1895): 483-494. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur00unkngoog/page/n517/mode/1up?view=theater>
    g. Anonymous. “The Philadelphia Salon of 1899.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol XI. No.5 (1899): 204-205. Internet Archive. Web. 12 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur05unkngoog/page/204/mode/thumb?view=theater>
    h. Anonymous. “The Photographic Salon.” The American Amateur Photogr-apher Vol XI. No.8 (1899): 342. Internet Archive. Web. 12 Jan. 2023.<https://archive.org/details/americanamateur05unkngoog/page/342/mode/1up?view=theater>
    i. Wright, Theodore H.. M. D. “The Salon.” The American Amateur Phot-ographer Vol XII. No.2 (1900): 52-56. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur02unkngoog/page/53/mode/1up>
    j. Emerson, Peter Henry. “Bubbles.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol XII. No.10 (1900): 166-170. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur02unkngoog/page/464/mode/1up?view=theater>
    k. Johnston, Clifton. “Photography and Art.” The American Amateur Phot-ographer Vol XIII. No.2 (1901): 78-82. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur08unkngoog/page/78/mode/1up?view=theater>
    l. Anonymous. “ The Coming London Photographic Solon.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol XVII. No.7 (1905): 325-326. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur09unkngoog/page/325/mode/1up?view=theater>
    m. Anonymous.“Art in Photography.” The American Amateur PhotographerVol XVII. No.9 (1905): 427-429. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur09unkngoog/page/427/mode/1up?view=theater>
    n. Anonymous. “The London Photographic Salon, 1905.” The American Amateur Photographer Vol XVII. No.9 (1905): 430-431. Internet Archive. Web. 13 Jan. 2023. <https://archive.org/details/americanamateur09unkngoog/page/430/mode/1up?view=theater>
    四、網路資料
    （一）網路文獻資料
    1. Kingsley, Hope, and Dennis Reed, “Pictorialism. ” Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000067402（檢索日期：2021-11-04）
    2. 畫報資料（Pictorial Photographs），資料來源： https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll19/search（搜尋日期：2021-11-04）
    3. 攝影家資料（Photographers ），資料來源： http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/home/（檢索日期：2021-11-04）
    4. The Linked Ring Papers，連環會畫報的文獻資料（1894-1909）https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/linked%20ring/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/（檢索日期：2021-11-07）
    5. Camera notes，紐約攝影俱樂部的攝影筆記文獻資料（1897-1903）資料網站：https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?field1=ocr;q1=Camera%20notes;a=srchls;lmt=ft（檢索日期：2021-11-07）
    6. The Journal of the Photographic Society of London ，倫敦攝影學會雜誌（1853-）資料網站：https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012224444（檢索日期：2021-11-07）
    7. Photography & The Linked Ring，資料網站：https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/index.php/Photography_%26_The_Linked_Ring（檢索日期：2021-11-07）
    8. Christian, Mary,“Robinson, Henry Peach. ” Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000072452（檢索日期：2021-11-08）
    9. Harker, Margaret, “Linked Ring, Brotherhood of the. ” Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000051215（檢索日期：2021-11-08）
    10. Bunnell, Peter C. “Pictorial Photography.” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, vol. 51, no. 2, Princeton University Art Museum, 1992, pp. 11–12, https://doi.org/10.2307/3774688. （檢索日期：2021-11-08）
    11. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia, “Pictorialism.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2018，資料來源：https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pictorialism（檢索日期：2021-11-09）
    12. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia,. “Linked Ring.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jun. 2015，資料來源： https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linked-Ring（檢索日期：2021-11-09）
    13. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Round Table”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Apr. 2013. Date of access 16 May 2023. <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Round-Table-Arthurian-legend>
    14. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Arthurian legend”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Dec. 2022. Date of access 16 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arthurian-legend
    15. J.P.Ward, et al., Photography. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Date of access 17 Aug 2022. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000067117
    16. Marie Czach, Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Date of access 17 Aug. 2022. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000036376
    17. 學術名詞翻譯「疊放印相法」（combination printing），又稱「合成印相法」學術名詞翻譯，國家教育研究院，網址：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3257799/（檢索日期：2022/08/20）
    18. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Calotype,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Mar. 2020. Date of access 17 August 2022. https://www.britannica.com/technology/calotype
    19. Gustave Le Gray, Theoretical and practical treatise on collodion photography: following the elements of chemistry and optics applied to this art (Paris: l'auteur, 1 vol. (208-3 p.) ; in-8, 1854). Date of access 04 Nov. 2021. < https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30080930f>
    20. Stephanie Spencer, Oscar Gustav Rejlander. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Date of access 17 Aug 2022. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000071305
    21. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/Pre-Raphaelite-Brotherhood. Accessed 26 May 2023.
    22. Mannings, David. Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Date of access 23 Aug 2022. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000071710
    23. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Impressionism,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/Impressionism-art. Accessed 26 May 2023.
    24. OAC, Sette of Odd Volumes Collection, UCLA: Clark (William Andrews) Memorial Library, Date of access 9 Mar. 2023<https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8pn974c/>
    25. 「新英國藝術俱樂部」（The New English Art Club）藝術家協會於1886年在倫敦成立，以反對皇家學院的保守和自滿態度。“New English Art Club.” Oxford Reference, Date of access 9 Mar 2023. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100231361
    26. Dennis T. Lanigan, The Dudley Gallery 1865-1882, The Victorian Web, Last modified 29 May 2022. Date of access 9 Mar 2023. <https://victorianweb.org/art/institutions/dudley.html>關於「達德利畫廊」（the Dudley Gallery）的相關資料。
    27. BBC NEWS中文，半便士：英國新舊幣制轉換的產物，2014年5月21日，< https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/05/140521_halfpenny_coin>。關於舊幣制的1英鎊等於20先令，1先令等於12便士，即1英鎊等於240便士。
    28. Dennis T. Lanigan, The Dudley Gallery 1865-1882, The Victorian Web, Last modified 29 May 2022. Date of access 9 Mar 2023. https://victorianweb.org/art/institutions/dudley.html 全名為「倫敦達德利畫廊的埃及大廳」（the Dudley Gallery of the Egyptian Hall in London），成立於1864年倫敦的皮卡迪利大街上 (Piccadilly)。
    29. Making a mark, The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, 13 March 2012, Date of access 21 May 2023 < https://makingamark.blogspot.com/2012/03/royal-institute-of-painters-in-water.html > 英國皇家水彩畫家協會的新畫廊（the New Gallery of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours）
    30. Photoseed, Pictorial Photographs: A Record of the Photographic Salon of 1896, Date of access 10 Jan. 2023. < https://photoseed.com/collection/group/pictorial-photographs-a-record-of-the-photographic-salon-of-1896/> Original: “Parti-culars for the 1895 plate paper portfolio are as follows: green cloth board, three-point folder with ribbon ties. Embossed in gilt on cover.”
    31. Photographic Exhibitions of Australia, The Linked Ring, Date of access 10 Jan. 2023. < https://www.siep.org.au/General/Linked_Ring.html> Original: “In 1896 they began publishing The Linked Ring Papers, which were circulated annually to members until 1909 to promote and discuss the aesthetics and practice of pictorialism.”
    32. Mat (picture framing) , Wikipedia, Date of access 20 May 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)
    33. Photography of Great Britain and Ireland, 1840-1940, Francis James MORTIMER, Date of access 20 May 2023.< https://www.cartedevisite.co.uk/photographers-category/biographies/m-r/francis-james-mortimer/ >
    34. Croydon Camera Club, Club History, Date of access 10 Jan. 2023. https://www.croydoncameraclub.org.uk/club-history/
    35. Dbpedia, Anonymous, Royal Photographic Society, Date of access 10 Jan. 2023. https://dbpedia.org/page/Royal_Photographic_Society
    36. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Andromeda,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2023, Accessed 16 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andromeda-Greek-mythology
    37. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “vortograph,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/technology/vortograph. Accessed 18 May 2023.
    38. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “vortograph”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/technology/vortograph. Accessed 4 September 2023.

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