| 研究生: |
賀玲玲 Ho, Ling-Ling |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
領導風格與團隊特性對團隊知識管理能力及行銷績效之影響-兼論資訊科技與社會防禦之干擾效果 An Empirical Study of the Effect of Leadership style and Team Characteristics on the Marketing Team’s KM Capability and Marketing Performance – The Moderating Effects of IT and Social Defense |
| 指導教授: |
康信鴻
Kan, Hsin-Hong 蔡明田 Tsai, Ming-Tien |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 高階管理碩士在職專班(EMBA) Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) |
| 論文出版年: | 2009 |
| 畢業學年度: | 97 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 100 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 團隊特性 、領導風格 、行銷績效 、社會防禦 、資訊科技 、知識管理能力 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | marketing performance, leadership style, team characteristics, knowledge management, information technology, social defense |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:102 下載:2 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
在競爭激烈的時代,企業知識管理能力的重要性與日俱增,唯過去對知識管理的研究多偏屬組織或個人層次,本研究乃針對行銷團隊知識管理能力進行探討,以了解不同領導風格、團隊特性對知識管理能力之影響,並進一步探討資訊科技與社會防禦對知識管理能力與行銷績效之交互作用。
本研究以台灣的人壽保險公司行銷團隊成員為研究對象,採用問卷調查方式進行實證,藉由單一團隊發放複數問卷方式以取得團隊資訊,並採配對填答方式由主管評量行銷績效。本研究共發放問卷575份,回收有效問卷527份,計166個團隊,有效回收率91.65 %。
在方法驗證上,本研究透過因素分析、信度檢定、迴歸分析、集群分析、區別分析與變異數分析加以實證,實證結果如下所示:
1.不同領導風格的行銷團隊,其團隊知識管理能力具有顯著的差異,其中轉換型領導風格的知識管理能力優於交易型領導風格。
2.團隊特性對行銷團隊知識管理能力具有部份顯著的影響,其中:
團隊背景異質性對知識管理能力有正向顯著影響。
團隊學歷異質性對知識管理能力有負向顯著影響。
3.行銷團隊知識管理能力對行銷績效有顯著影響,其中:
團隊知識分享對行銷績效有正向顯著影響。
團隊知識學習對行銷績效有正向顯著影響。
4.資訊科技與行銷團隊知識管理能力交互作用對行銷績效有正向顯著影響。
5.社會防禦與行銷團隊知識管理能力交互作用對行銷績效有負向顯著影響。
In the highly competitive era, enterprise knowledge management capability has rapidly increasing importance, However, the prior research on knowledge management mostly focused on organization or individual levels. In contrast, this study emphasizes exploring knowledge management capabilities of the marketing team. The purpose is to understand the effect on the knowledge management capability by the different style of leadership and team characteristics. Furthermore, this research also explores the interaction of information technology and social defense to knowledge management capacity and marketing performance.
By means of the marketing teams of the life insurance companies in Taiwan as a sample, the questionnaire is conducted by a single team, delivering with the plural form which includes matching method (assessed by Managers) in order to collect the team information. This questionnaire is delivered to 575 respondents and had 527 effective ones back. The totality of the teams is 166 with the 91.65% recovery rate.
Under the methodological examination, this research is tested through factor analysis, reliability test, regression analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and ANOVA is used to examine the hypothesis. The empirical results shows that:
1. There is a significant difference of the capability knowledge management with
different leadership styles, in which transformational leadership style is superior to transactional one.
2. There are partial influences on the knowledge management capacity of teams.
The heterogeneity of team background has the significant positive influence
on knowledge management capacity whereas the heterogeneity of academic
background has the negative one.
3. The knowledge management capacity of marketing teams has the significant influence on marketing performance.
The result shows that both the sharing and learning of team knowledge have significant positive influences on marketing performance.
4. The interaction of information technology and the knowledge management capability of marketing teams has the significant positive influence on marketing performance.
5. The interaction of social defense and the knowledge management capability of marketing teams has the significant negative influence on marketing performance.
一、中文部份
1. 吳清山(2001),「知識管理與學校效能」,台北市立師範學院學報,1-15頁。
2. 吳萬益(2000),企業研究方法。台北市:華泰書局。
3. 吳盛、林東清、林杏子(2006),「以社會交換理論觀點探討影響虛擬團隊成員知識分享行為因素」,資訊管理學報,193-219頁。
4. 呂宏德(2001),「知識經濟時代領導風格與領導特質之典範轉移」,財團法
人國家政策研究基金會,憲政(研) 090-029 號。
5. 李國瑋(200),「企業知識內化之探討-整合學習循環理論、知識學習與企業
策略觀點」,國立成功大學企業管理學研究所博士論文。
6. 林祺峰、鍾國貴(2005),「資訊人員人際信任、衝突與知識分享關係之研究」,
管理與教育研究學報,2005年4月第4期,116-148頁。
7. 夏侯欣鵬(2000),「權力對組織內知識分享意願影響之研究-以銀行部門主
管為例」,國立政治大學企業管理學研究所博士論文。
8. 許士軍(1994),管理學。台北市:東華書局。
9. 張秉中(2000),「藏私文化已過時知識管理重分享」,統領雜誌,第182期,72-74頁。
10.陳順宇(2005),多變量分析。台北市:華泰書局。
11.湯令儀(2001),「知識網路分享之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理學研究所碩士論文。
12.曾信超、黃先鋒、李昀真(2007),管理科學研究學報,4(2),pp.57-100。
13.董玉娟(2004),「知識分享意願影響前因之研究:威脅之情境效果」,人力資源管理學報,2004秋季號第4卷第3期,117-137頁。
14.廖述賢、費吳琛、王儀雯(2006),「信任關係、工作滿足與知識分享關聯性
之研究」,人力資源管理學報,2006秋季號第6卷第3期,23-44頁。
15.趙志揚、黃啟倫(2004),「台灣高科技產業知識管理人員能力內涵研究」,人
力資源管理學報,2004夏季號,第4卷第2期,1-24頁。
16蔡明田、李國瑋、余明助(2005),「建置電子化企業之知識管理觀點-觀念
架構的建立與命題發展」,資訊管理學報,12卷3期, 159-188頁。
17.魏鸞瑩(2004),「從團隊衝突到激發團隊創造力」,研習論壇月刊,2004,Oct.,第46期,18-19頁。
18.蘇雲華(1996),「服務品質衡量方法之比較研究」,國立中山大學企管研究
所博士論文。
19.譚大純、劉廷揚、蔡明洲(1999),「知識管理文獻回顧與分類」,1999中華民國科技管理研討會論文集。
20.譚大純(2001),「知識管理文獻回顧與前瞻-以知識作業及知識策略為分類基礎」,管理評論,20卷4期,93-135頁。
二、英文部分
01. Achrol, R. S. and Kotler, P. (1999), “Marketing In The Network Economy,”
Journal of. Marketing, 63(Special issue): pp.146-163.
02. Alavi, M. & Leidner D. E.(2001),“Knowledge Management and Knowledge
Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues,” MIS
Quarterly, 25(1), pp.107-136.
03. Alexander,A,Vaughn,P.&Tim,W.(2003),“Motivation and Barriers to
Participation in Virtual Knowledge-sharing Communities of Practice,”Journal
of the knowledge management,7(1),pp.64-77.
04. Allee(1997), “The Knowledge Evolution: Expanding Organizational
Intelligence,” Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
05. Ancona, D. G.& Caldwell, D(1992), “Discriminating among Organization
Politics,justice and spport”,Journal of Organizational Behavior,22,pp.347-366.
06. Andrew H.G., Arvind M. & Albert H. (2001), “Knowledge Management:An
Organizational Capabilities Perspective,” Journal of Management Information
System,18 (1), pp.185-214.
07. Babaracco (1991), J., “The Knowledge Link: How Firm Compete through
Strategic Alliance”, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
08. Barki,H. & Hartwick,J.(2001), “Interpersonal Conflict and its Management in
Information Sysstems Development”,MIS quarterly,125,pp.217-250.
09 .Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K.(1998),
“Relating member Ability and Personality to Work-team Processes and Team
Effectiveness,”Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), pp. 377-391.
10 .Bass B.M. (1985), “Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations”, Free
Press.New York,NT.
11. Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J.(1989), “Potential bias in leadership measures:How
Prototypes,leniency,and general satisfaction relate to ratings and ranking of
transformational and transactional leadership constructs,”Educational and
Psychological Measurement,49(33), pp.509-527
12 .Bass, B. M. (1990), “From Transactional to Transformational Leadership:
Learning to share the vision,” Organizational Dynamics, (Winter):pp.19-31.
13 .Becerra-Fernandez, I. & Sabherwal, R. (2001), “Organizational Knowledge
Management : A Contingency Perspective,” Journal of Management
Information System, 18(1), pp.23-55.
14. Bean C.J. and Leroy, R. J. (2002), “Marketing's Role in the Knowledge
Economy”, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17(2/3), pp. 204-214.
15.Beckman,T. (1997), “A Methodology for Knowledge Management,”proceeding
of the IASTED: International Conference on AI and Soft Computing.
16. Blake, R.P.& Mouton, J.S.(1964), “The management Grid, ” Gulf Publishing
Houston,TX.
17. Blumentritt, R.& N. Hardie, (2000), “The role of middle management in the
knowledge-focused service organization,” Journal of Business Strategies.17(1)
, pp.37-47.
18. Bolton, Ruth N, Kannan P. K., Matthew D.& Bramlett (2000), “Implication of Loyalty Program Membership and Service Experiences for Customer Retention and Value,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), pp.95-108.
19. Chang, Tung-Zong & Albert R. Wildt (1994),”Price, Product Information,
and 81 Purchase Intention: An Emperical Study,”Journal of the Academy of
Marketiong Science, 22(winter), pp.16-27.
20. Chaudhuri, A & Holbrook, Morris B. (2001) “The Chain of Effects From
Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance﹕The Role of Brand
Loyalty,” Journal of Marketing, 65(4), pp.81-93.
21.Clark,B.H.(1999), Marketing Performance Measures: History and Interrelationships. Journal of Marketing Management, 15,pp.711-732.
22. Cohen, D(1998), “Toward a Knowledge Context : Repot on the First Annual UC Berkeley Forum on Knowledge and the Firm,” California Management Review, 40(3).
23. Conlon, D. E.& Murray, N. M (1996), “Customer Perceptions of Corporate
Response to Product Complaints: The Role Explanations,” Academy of
Management Journal, 38(4), pp.1040-1056.
24. Conner, K. & Prahalad. C.K.(1996), “A resource — based theory of the firm:
Knowledge versus opportunism, ” Organization Science, 7(5), pp.477 - 501.
25. Davenport, T., & Prusak. L. (1998), “Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know,” Boston MA:Harvard Business School Press.
26.Davis,K.(1977), “Organizational Behavior:Human Behavior at Work,”Mcgraw-
Hill,New York,NY.
27.Day & George,S.(1994), “The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations,”
Journal of Marketing, 58(October), pp. 37-51.
28. Dekker, R.& de Hoog, R. (2000) “The Monetary Value of Knowledge Assets:
A Micro Approach,” Expert Systems With Application, 18 (2), pp.111-124.
29. Deutch, M.(1969), “Conflict:Productive and destructive,” Journal of Social
Issues,1,pp.8-29.
30. Drucker,P.F.(2002), “Managing in the Next Society,”Truman Talley Books.
31. Dunn, J. (1997), “Knowledge Equals Power,” Available at:
http://www.infoworld.com/cgibin/displayTC.pI?/971117.htm.(2000/8/15).
32. Early, P. C.,& Mosakowski, E. (2000),“Creating hybrid team cultures: An
Empirical test of transnational team functioning,”Academy of Management
Journal, 43(1), pp. 26-49.
33. Festinger, L., Schachter, S. & Back, K. (1950), “Social pressures in informal
groups: A study of human factors in housing,” New York: Harper & Brothers.
34.Fiedler, F.E.(1978), “A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness,”McGraw-Hill,
New York,NY.
35.Fornell, Claes, Wernerfelt & Birger(1987), Defensive Marketing Strategy by Customer Management: A Theoretical Analysis, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, pp. 337-346.
36. Fornell& Claes (1992), “A national Customer Satisfaction Barometer: The
Swedish Experience,” Journal of Marketing, 56(1), pp.6-21.
37. Fraser, V., Marcella, R., & Middleton, L. (2000), “Employee perceptions of
Knowledge sharing:Employment threat of synergy for the greater good,”
Competitive Intelligence Review,11(2),pp.39-52.
38.Galbreath, J. & Rogers T. (1999), “Customer Relationship Leadership: A
Leadership and Motivation Model for the Twenty-First Century Business”. The TQM Magazine, 11(3),pp. 161~170.
39.Garbarino, E. & Johnson, S. (1999). “The Different Roles of Satisfaction,.Trust, and Commitment in Customer Relationships,” Journal of Marketing,of Marketing, 63(4), pp. 70-87.
40. Garvin, D.A. (1993), "Buildings a Learning Organization", Harvard
Business Review, 71 (4), pp.78-91.
41. Gladstein, D. L. (1984), “Groups in context: A model group effectiveness, ”
Administrative Science Quarterly,29, pp. 499-517.
42. Goins, E.A.& Mannix(1999), “Performance improvement quarterly,” National of Society for Performance Instruction.
43.Gold, A.H; Malhotra, A. & Segars, A.H(2001), “Knowledge Management:
An Organizational Capabilities Perspective,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), pp.185-214.
44.Goleman, D.(2002), “Working with Emotional Intelligence,”Bantam Books,
New York, NY.
45. Grant, R.M. (1996), “Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments:
Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration,” Organization Science,
17, pp.375-387.
46.Griffin(1996), J. “The Internet’s Expanding Role in Building Customer Loyalty,”Direct Marketing 59(7), pp50-53.
47.Griffith,D.A. & Harvey M.G.(2001),“A source prespective of Global Dunamic Capabilities,”Journal of International Business Studies,32(3), pp597-606..
48. Gronholdt, L., Martensen, A. & Kirstensen, K. (2000), “The relationship
between customer satisfaction and loyalty: Cross-industry differences,” Total Quality Management, 11(7), pp. 509-516.
49.Gustafson,B.M.(1996),“Setting the highest ethical leadership standards ensures
a higher standard of results,” Healthcare Financial Management, 55(1),pp.509
-514.
50. Hackman, J. R. (1987), “The search transfer problem:the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits,”Adminstrative Science Quarterly,44(1), pp. 82-111.
51.Hansen,M.T.(1999), “The design of work team, ” In J. W. Lorsh (Ed) Handbook of organizational behavior, New York:Prentice-Hall, pp. 315-342.
52. Hendrisks, P. (1999), “Why share Knowledge?The influence of ICT on
motivation for Knowledge sharing, ” Knowledge and Pross Management,6(2),
pp.91-100
53. Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. H. (1982), “ Management of organizational
Behavior,” Pretice Hall.
54. Hirschhorn, L.(1988), “The Workplace Within:The Psychodynamics of
Organizational Life, ” Boston:MIT Press.
55. Howard, J. A. & J. N. Sheth(1969), “The Theory of Buyer Behavior,” John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY.
56. Huber, G.P. & Power D. J. (1985), “Retrospective Reports of Strategic-Level Managers: Guidelines for Increasing Their Accuracy,” Strategic Management Journal, 6, pp.171-180.
57. Jago, A. (1982), “ Leadership: perspectives in theory and research,”
Management Science, 28(3), pp.63-166.
58. Jayachandran, S., Sharma S., Kaufman P. & Raman, P., (2005), “The Role of Relational Information Processes and Technology Use in Customer Relationship Management,” Journal of Marketing, 69(4) ,pp.177-192.
59. Kalakota, R.& Robinson, M.(1999),“e-Business: Roadmap for success,” 4th
ed., Wesley.
60. Katzenbach, J. R. & Smith, D. K. (1993), “The wisdom of teams: creating
highperformance organization,” Harvard Business Review, March- April:
pp. 111-120.
61. King, R. W., Peter V. Marks & Scott McCoy (2002), “The Most Important
Issues in Knowledge Management,” Communication of ACM, .45(9),
pp.93-97.
62. Kirpatrick, S. A. & Locke, E. A. (1991), “Leadership: Do traits matter?”
Academy of Management Executives, May, pp. 48-60.
63. Koontz, K. J. & House, R. J. (1990), “Essentials of Management,” (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
64.Kolter, P.(2003), “Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementing, control ,”11th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.
65.Kolter, P.& Keller,K.L. (2007), “Marketing Management, ” third edition by Pearson International Edition, pp.65-66
66.Laudon, K.C.& Laudon, J.P.(2000),Management Information Systems Organization and Technology in Networked Enterprise, 6 Ed., Prentice Hall..
67. Lee, H.& Choi, B. (2003), “Knowledge management enablers, processes, and
organizational performance: an integrative view and empirical examination,”
Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), pp.179–228.
68. Lehtinen, J. (1983), “ Consumer Oriented Services System, ” Service
lanagement Institute, pp.47-52.
69.Mcintosh,A. & Kington,J. (2000), “Knowledge management through multi-perspective modeling:representing and distributing organization memory,”Knowledge-Based System,13,pp.121-132.
70. McMurry,R.N. (1958), “The case for benevolent autocracy,”Harvard Business Review, 36(2), pp.82-90.
71. Menon, A. & Varadarajan, P.R. (1992), “A Model of Marketing Knowledge Use Within Firms,” Journal of Marketing, 56(4), pp. 53-71.
72. Mohrman, S. A., Cohen, S. G.& Mohrman, A. M., Jr. (1995), “Designing
Team-Based Organizations-New Forms for Knowledge Work,” San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.
73. Morgan, R.& Hunt, S. (1994), “The commitment-trust theory of relationship
Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 58, pp.20-38.
74. Morey, D.(2001), “High-Speed Knowledge Management:Integrating
Operations Theory and Knowledge Management for Rapid Results,” Journal
of Knowledge Management, 5(4), pp. 322-328.
75. Nahapiet , J. & Ghoshal ,S. (1998), “Social capital , intellectual capital , and
The organizational advantage,” Academy of Management Review , 23(2) , pp.
242-266
76. Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995), “ The Knowledge-Creating Company,” Oxford University Press.
77. O’Dell, C.& Grayson, C. (1998), “If only we knew what we know:Ientification
And transfer of internal best practices,” California Management Review 40(3),
pp.154-174
78. Ojala,M. (1999), “Knowledge is power,”Econtent,June-July.
79. Ostrom, A. & Iacobucci D. (1995), “Consumer Trade-Offs and the Evaluation of Services, ”Journal of Marketing, , 59(1), pp.17-28.
80. Oliver, R. I.(1980), “ A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions,” Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), pp.460-469.
81.Oliver & Richard,L.(1999), “Whence Consumer Loyalty?,” Journal of Marketing, 63(5), pp.33-44
82. Parker, G. M. (1999), “Team players and teamwork: The new competitive
Business strategy,” San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.
83.Peter Drucker, Peter Ferdinand, (1993),“The Post-Capitalist Society,” Butterworth-Heinemann Press.
84.Pounder, J.S.(2003), “Employing Transformational leadership to enhance the
Quality of measurement development instruction,”Journal of Management
Development,22(1),pp.6-13
85. Quick, T. L. (1992), “Successful Team Building,” New York: American
Management Association.
86.Quinn,J.B.(1992), “Intelligent enterprise,”New York:The Free Press.
87.Quinn,J.B.,Anderson,P.&Finkelstein,S.(1996),“ManagementProfessional Intellect:Making the Most of the Best,”HarvardBusines Review,March-April,
pp.71-80.
88. Rauch,& Behling, (1984),“Functionalism: basis for an alternate approach to
the study of leadership.” In J. G. Hunt, D. M. Hosking, C. A. Schriesheim.
89. Reeser,C. & Lopper, M. (1978), “Management:The key to organizational
effectiveness,”Illionis;Scott Foresman & Company.
90. Richard, D. & Engle, S.(1986), “After the vision : Suggestions to corporate
vision champions,” In J.D. Adams(Eds.), Transforming leadership, lexandria,
VA: Miles River Press.
91 . Reichheld, Frederick F. & Phil Schefter (2000), “E-Loyalty: Your Secret
Weapon on the Web,” Harvard Business Review, Jul.-Aug, pp. 105-113.
92. Rusli, A., Sahibudin S., Alias, R.A.& Selamat M.H. (2005), “Applying
Knowledge Management System with Agent Technology to Support
Decision,”Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 7(1), pp.
181-188.
93. Senge P.M. (1990), “The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization,”5th
Ed.
94. Shaw,M.J, Suvramaniam,C., Tan,G.W.& Welge,M.E.(2001), “ Knowledge
Management and Date Mining for Marketing ,”Decision Support System,
31, pp.127-137.
96. Shnok, J. H. (1982), “Working in Teams:A Practical Manual for Improving
Work Groups.,”New York:AMACOM Press.
97. Slater, S.F. & Narver, J.C. (1995), “Market Orientation and the Learning
Organization,” Journal of Marketing, 59(3), pp.63-74.
98 .Smith, J. B. & Barclay, D. W. (1997), “The effects of organizational
differences and trust on the effectiveness of selling partner relationships,”
Journal of Marketing. 5, pp.25-34.
99. Smith, R. L.& P. W. Wolfe(1995), “ Implication of Client/Server Systems on
the Virtual Corporation,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 29, pp.95-102
100 Spek,R.& Spijkervet,A.(1998), “Knowledge Management:Dealing Intelligently with Knowledge,” in Liebowitz, Jay and Wilcox, Lyle C.(eds.), Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, pp.31-59.
101. Stogdill, R.M. (1948), "Personal factors associate with leadership:A survey
of the literature,”Journal of Applied Psychology,25,pp.35-71.
reactions to service failure", Journal of Service Research, 1(1), pp.65-81.
102. Szullanski (1998), "Exploring internal stickiness:impediments to the transfer
of best practice within the firm,”Journal of Strategy Management,17,winter
special issue,pp.27-43.
103.Teece,D.J(1998), “apturing Value from Knowledge Assets: The New
Economy,Markets for Know-How, and Intangible Assets", Californi
Management Review, 40(3), pp.55-79.
104. Walker, Orville C., Jr.& Robert W. Ruekert(1987), “Marketing’s Role in
the Implementation of Business Strategies:A Critical Review and Conceptual
Framework,” Journal of Marketing 51(3), pp.15-33.
105. Webster, C.& Sundaram, D. (1998), "Service consumption and criticality in
Failure recovery,” Journal of Business Research, 41(2), pp.153-159.
106..White, R.& Lippet,R.(1953), “Leader behavior and member reaction in three
social climates,”In Cartwigjt, D.and Zander, A. (Eds),Group Dynamics
research and theory,Harper and Row,New York,NY.pp.385-611.
107 Wiig,K.M. (1993), “ Knowledge Management Foundations. Arlington:Schema
Press.
108. Wiig Karl M.,Robert de Hoog & Rob Van Der Spek,(1997), “Supporting
Knowledge Management: A Selection of Methods and Techniques, ” Expert
Systems with Applications, 13(1), pp1-27
109. Webster, C.& Sundaram, D. (1998), “Service consumption and criticality in
Failure recovery", Journal of Business Research, 41(2), pp.153-159.
110. Wilkins, J., van Wegen, B.& de Hoog, R. (1997), “Understanding and
Valuing Knowledge Assets: Overview and Method,” Expert Systems with
Application, 13(1) , pp.55-72.
111. William C. Miller(1998), “A low variation nonlinear neuron circuit,”Journal
of circuits, systems and computers,8(4),pp.447-451.
112..Yukl,G.A.(1989),“Managerial leadership:A review of theory and research,”
Yearly Review of Management, 15, pp.251-289.
113..Yukl, G.A (2002), “Leadership in organizations,” Englewood Cliffs,
N.J:Prentice Hall.
114 Zack,M.H.(1999), “Managing Codified Knowledge," Sloan
Management Review, 40(4), pp.45-58.
115.Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, Leonard L.& A. Parasuraman (1996), “The
Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality,” Journal of Marketing, 60 (4l),
pp.31-46.