This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the disaster management system in the pre-disaster phase before Mount Marapi's eruption on December 3, 2023. It focuses on the preparedness stage. The research adopts Yang's (2010) analytical framework, emphasizing three interrelated variables: information dissemination, resource mobilization, and inter-organizational collaboration. Each variable is assessed regarding how well the needs of at-risk groups, particularly hikers, are met and how efficiently resources and processes are managed to minimize risk before a volcanic eruption occurs. This study finds that hikers’ needs for early warning information and disaster preparedness were not adequately met. BKSDA did not consider the January eruption a serious warning and failed to prioritize the primary risk group—hikers—in their response. The flow of early warning information was inefficient, with communication channels unable to effectively reach those most at risk. The availability of organized personnel resources and the effectiveness of early warning information—especially for hikers—remained unsatisfactory, while resource mobilization for volcanic eruption response remained inadequate. The development of BKSDA’s standard operating procedures lacked active integration of early warning information from PVMBG, resulting in fragmented response protocols. Furthermore, BKSDA’s decisions regarding the opening and closing hiking trails did not fully adhere to PVMBG’s recommendations, reflecting weak inter-organizational collaboration. To address these gaps, this study recommends establishing a national public warning cell broadcast service inspired by Taiwan’s model, optimizing the flow of early warning information to hikers through direct broadcast alerts, establishing a dedicated disaster management division for volcanic eruptions, strengthening resource mobilization for volcanic eruption, enhancing inter-organizational collaboration between BKSDA, PVMBG, and stakeholders, and extending the management system to include communities, local governments, and NPOs.

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