聯合國永續發展目標指出水資源永續發展和消除貧困飢餓至關重要，水是各方面永續發展的基礎，但因人口快速增長、都市化以及來自農業、工業和能源部門的需求壓力不斷增加，需緊急行動來改變目前的情形。土地使用規劃需要更多考量都市及區域之間水資源系統，並提高各部門間整合能力，使這各部門能夠應對與水資源有關的未來變化和不確定性。現今水資源規劃多以工程方式處理，未考量空間分布差異，應要求都市和區域規劃和水資源管理部門之間更好地整合。
本研究以台南市鹽水溪流域為範圍，以台南市各行政區自來水用戶各類別用水量，搭配範圍內建物樓地板面積及土地利用，了解建成地區水資源用水消耗情形及空間分布差異；另以土壤與水資源評估模型（Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT），推估研究範圍內各子集水區地表逕流流量，分析各集水區地表逕流量的空間分布差異。
結果顯示研究範圍內都市建成地區水資源消耗具有時空上的差異性，相同的工業使用下，零星工業區用水消耗低於聚集之工業區；鄰近中心商業區之住宅使用建物其用水消耗會高於遠離中心商業區之住宅使用建物。各子集水區內之地表逕流量，具有時間上與空間上之差異性，在研究範圍內地表逕流量豐富，都市內住宅、工業及機關使用密集之地區其地表逕流量較多，農業使用及森林使用地表逕流較少，土地利用的差異影響各集水區地表逕流量的不同，且此差異性與潛在高用水需求的土地利用類型與強度間，存在不同的潛在水資源供需缺口。
各集水區顯示出供給與需求上之空間差異，不同用水情形之都市型態，應有不同水資源政策，水資源供給與消耗空間差異如何因應，供給及需求上是否有上下游關係，並在都市環境內搭配基盤設施找出可利用之水資源與方式，以減少臺灣對線性水資源系統(水庫、淨水廠、自來水管線)的依賴。

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the crucial importance of sustainable water resource management and the eradication of poverty and hunger. Water resources serve as the foundation for various aspects of sustainable development. The issue of water resources primarily revolves around the ineffective utilization of rainfall by existing water supply systems, and with the trend of extreme rainfall events, the problem of water scarcity in supply systems will become even more pronounced.
This study focuses on the Yan-shui River Basin in Tainan City. It examines the water consumption of different categories of self-supplied water users in various administrative districts of Tainan City to understand the consumption of water resources in developed areas and the spatial distribution differences. Additionally, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used to estimate surface runoff in different sub-watersheds within the study area and analyze the spatial distribution differences of surface runoff in each watershed.
The results reveal temporal and spatial disparities in water resource consumption within the study area. Differences in land use within each sub-watershed affect the surface runoff in these areas. Each sub-watershed demonstrates spatial differences between supply and demand. Strategies to address the spatial discrepancies between water resource supply and consumption are discussed, including the identification of usable water resources and methods within the urban environment, with the aim of reducing Taiwan's reliance on linear water resource systems such as reservoirs, water treatment plants, and water pipelines.

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