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研究生: 蔡慧玉
Kansinee Panwanitdumrong
論文名稱: 推動海洋無垃圾沿海旅遊: 由遊客行為改變和財務支持主導
Establishing marine litter-free coastal tourism: Driven by visitors' behavior changing and financial supporting
指導教授: 陳璋玲
Chen, Chung-Ling
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 工學院 - 水利及海洋工程學系
Department of Hydraulic & Ocean Engineering
論文出版年: 2022
畢業學年度: 110
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 163
外文關鍵詞: Marine litter, Environmentally responsible behavior, Theory of planned behavior, Willingness to pay, Thailand
ORCID: 0000-0002-9506-5792
相關次數: 點閱:56下載:0
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  • Marine and coastal ecosystems around the world are threatened by anthropogenic pressures, which include the rapid accumulation of marine litter. Coastal tourism destinations have proven to be vulnerable to massive marine litter from tourism and recreational activities. Visitors' improper behavior in littering and lack of financial resources for litter management are major contributors. This study provides insights into effective methods to combat and reduce marine litter by the participation of visitors on Libong Island, Thailand. Socio-psychological and economic tools were used to formulate measures, including changing visitors' pro-environmental behavior and providing alternative funding to carry out marine litter abatement campaigns, respectively.
    The first aspect is the formulation of measures with social psychology tools. Visitors' environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) should be the initial to intervene. Beach users need to be encouraged to take a more serious role in keeping beaches clean. A questionnaire survey was conducted between December 2019 and March 2020. A total of 876 were collected. The findings from the structural equation model (SEM) showed that extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) with environmental awareness and environmental background can explain visitors' ERB. The model is consistent with the empirical data and the statistical values meet the criteria (χ2/df = 2.99, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.98, NFI = 0,97 and RMSEA = 0.05). Raising public awareness, promoting government administration, and elevating the quality of coastal attractions can be effective tools to reduce this pollution on recreational tourism destinations.
    The second aspect, an entrance fee as the economic tool is feasible to provide alternative financing in addition to limited government funding. A questionnaire was employed with the single-bound dichotomous choice method with 1,655 respondents between September and December 2020. Logistic regression was used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP). The results showed that the majority (76%) of respondents were willing to pay to improve the quality of coastal attractions to be free from marine litter. The mean WTP obtained was 92.24 baht per person per visit (approximately USD 3). The expected benefit of charging an entrance fee is 27.52 million baht (USD 0.88 million) in 2019. The factors influencing WTP were bid amount, age, education, monthly income, marine litter perception, and ERB.
    The marine litter problem is global, but solutions can be identified and implemented at the local level. Therefore, this study recommends marine litter prevention and reduction intervention strategies in coastal tourism areas. They include upstream to downstream measures with the three main targets (i) reducing litter at source, (ii) reducing the risk of litter entering the marine environment, and (iii) reducing its impact.

    ABSTRACT i ACKNOLEDGMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research background and motivation 1 1.2 Research questions 7 1.3 Research objectives 9 1.4 Research procedure 9 1.5 Research area 13 1.6 Expected benefits 18 1.7 Overview of chapters 19 CHAPTER 2 MARINE LITTER AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES 20 2.1 General information related to marine litter 20 2.1.1 Definition 20 2.1.2 Classification 20 2.1.3 Sources 21 2.1.4 Impacts 23 2.2 Global, Thailand and Libong Island marine litter situation 24 2.2.1 Global 24 2.2.2 Thailand and Libong Island 26 2.3 Marine litter management 29 2.3.1 Marine litter management tools and frameworks 29 2.3.2 Marine litter management measures 31 CHAPTER 3 FORMATION OF VISITORS’ ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Literature review 36 3.2.1 Environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) 37 3.2.2 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 40 3.2.3 TPB construct and hypotheses 46 3.2.4 Structural equation modeling 49 3.3 Research methodology 54 3.3.1 Population and sample 54 3.3.2 The sample sizes 54 3.3.3 Questionnaire design 55 3.3.4 Data collection 56 3.3.5 Data analysis 56 3.3.6 Abbreviations and symbols used in data analysis 57 3.4 Results 60 3.4.1 Descriptive statistics 60 3.4.2 Inferential statistics 65 3.5 Discussion 80 3.5.1 Causal factors affecting ERB 80 3.5.2 Moderator variable effect 82 3.5.3 Practical implications 83 3.6 Conclusions 84 CHAPTER 4 VISITORS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR MARINE LITTER-FREE COASTAL ATTRACTION 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Literature review 88 4.2.1 Environmental valuation concept 88 4.2.2 Willingness to pay and determinants 90 4.2.3 Contingent value scenario design 93 4.3 Method 94 4.3.1 Survey design 94 4.3.2 Statistical model 97 4.4 Results 98 4.4.1 The respondents' socioeconomic characteristics 98 4.4.2 The respondents' visiting characteristics 99 4.4.3 The respondents' marine litter perception 100 4.4.4 The respondents' environmentally responsible behaviors 103 4.4.5 The respondents' WTP for marine litter-free coastal attraction 103 4.5 Discussion 109 4.5.1 WTP and its determinants 109 4.5.2 Implications 112 4.6 Conclusions 115 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 117 5.1 Conclusions 117 5.2 Theoretical contribution 119 5.3 Recommendations 119 5.3.1 Recommendation for destination managers 119 5.3.2 Recommendations for future study 122 REFERENCE 124 APPENDIX 141 Appendix A: Legal and policy tools related to marine litter 141 Appendix B: Testing Structural Equations Models 148 Appendix C: Logit model 152 Appendix D: Supplement data 154 Appendix E: Questionnaires 155

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