隨著再生能源滲透率提升，電力系統因慣量下降及再生能源間歇特性，面臨頻率穩定之挑戰。台灣自2021年啟動電力交易平台後，併網儲能系統（ESS）得以參與調頻備轉等輔助服務市場。
本論文針對多機組磷酸鋰鐵電池儲能系統參與台電自動頻率控制（AFC）輔助服務時，因各機組轉換效率差異導致SOC不均衡、壓縮可用容量並老化不均，提出一套SOC分群平衡控制策略：以氣泡排序法對各機組SOC排序並動態分群，優先對低SOC機組充電、高SOC機組放電，平衡調度於dReg0.5不動帶執行，在不影響AFC履約率情況下，使用老化權重策略使各機組老化趨於同步並更準確估算投標容量，並使壽命末期時可同步汰役，降低分批汰換之營運成本。本論文並探討純SOC平衡之惡性循環，老化較深之機組SOC回復較慢而被反覆優先調度，使老化差距持續累積變大，並提出以電池健康度（SOH）差距為依據之老化懲罰權重排序修正機制。
本文以案場實際規格（5台並聯、每台1,000千瓦／3,350千瓦時）及13個月實測頻率資料（循環延伸至兩年，使SOH產生可觀察之分化差距）建立E-dReg模擬平台，以5組隨機初始情境對無平衡、純SOC平衡及三種老化權重策略進行兩年對比模擬。結果顯示，純SOC平衡策略可將SOC平衡恢復時間由無平衡靠充放電平均8.68小時縮短至43秒至5.79小時（依初始差距而定）；所提出之硬切換老化權重策略使五台機組SOH標準差較純SOC平衡平均降低66.8%，且於SOH落差達觸發老化權重前行為與純SOC策略相同，觸發後最終SOC亦相符，確保調頻履約均不受影響，本策略可兼顧SOC平衡及壽命均衡。

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources, power systems face growing challenges in frequency stability due to reduced system inertia and the intermittent nature of renewable generation. Since the launch of Taiwan’s Electricity Trading Platform in 2021, grid-connected energy storage systems (ESSs) have been allowed to participate in ancillary service markets, including frequency regulation reserve services.
This study focuses on a multi-unit lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery energy storage system participating in Taiwan Power Company’s (Taipower) Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) ancillary service, where variations in conversion efficiency among battery units lead to state of charge (SOC) imbalance, reducing available capacity and causing non-uniform aging. An SOC grouping and balancing control strategy is proposed, in which the Bubble Sort algorithm ranks unit SOC values and dynamically forms groups: low-SOC units are preferentially charged and high-SOC units preferentially discharged, with the balancing dispatch executed within the dReg0.5 deadband so that AFC performance compliance is not affected. An aging-weighted strategy is further introduced to synchronize battery degradation among units, enabling more accurate estimation of bidding capacity and simultaneous end-of-life retirement, thereby reducing the operational costs of staggered battery replacement. The study also investigates the vicious cycle inherent in pure-SOC balancing, in which more degraded units recover SOC more slowly and are repeatedly prioritized for dispatch, causing the aging gap to progressively widen, and proposes an aging-penalty weighting mechanism based on state of health (SOH) differences to modify the dispatch priority ranking. An E-dReg simulation platform was developed based on an actual installation of five parallel battery units, each rated at 1,000 kW/3,350 kWh, using thirteen months of measured grid frequency data cyclically extended to two years. Five randomized initial scenarios were used to compare the non-balancing baseline, pure-SOC balancing, and three aging-weighted strategies.
The results show that the proposed SOC balancing strategy shortens the SOC equalization time from an average of 8.68 hours without balancing to 43 seconds–5.79 hours depending on the initial deviation, and that the proposed hard-switching aging-weighted strategy reduces the standard deviation of SOH across the five units by an average of 66.8% compared with pure-SOC balancing, while behaving identically to pure-SOC balancing before the aging-weighting threshold is triggered and yielding the same final SOC afterward, so that frequency regulation performance compliance remains unaffected. The proposed method therefore achieves both SOC balancing and lifetime equalization.

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