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研究生： 林槐庭
Lin, Hwai-Ting
論文名稱： 肩關節骨骼肌肉系統動態圖像模擬及生物力學分析
Biomechanical Modeling and Dynamic Graphic Simulation for the Shoulder Using Visual Interactive Musculoskeletal System (VIMS)
指導教授： 蘇芳慶
Su, Fong-Chin
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 醫學工程研究所
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
論文出版年： 2005
畢業學年度： 93
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 104
中文關鍵詞： 肩關節 、動作分析 、輪椅驅動 、棒球投球 、旋轉力臂 、肌肉力量 、電腦影像模擬
外文關鍵詞： Wheelchair propulsion, Muscle contraction force, Shoulder, Motion analysis, Computer graphics animation, Muscle moment arm, Baseball pitching
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    • 　　人體肩關節活動範圍相當大，但也相對的不穩定，容易造成傷害。由於肩盂關節並不能提供足夠的關節穩定，肩關節的穩定大部分倚賴周圍的肌群及肌腱等軟組織，所以肩關節之肌肉力學分析一直是研究者所感興趣。但由於肩關節結構複雜及動作範圍相當大，在以往文獻中很少有關於肩關節骨骼肌肉系統之動態電腦模擬，而在以往動態肌肉力量的分析上，並不能觀察到肌肉力量方向及旋轉力臂的改變，以致於所得結果並無法證實其準確性。運用電腦影像模擬在骨骼肌肉系統的分析上，不僅可以在建立模型過程中，增進模型的正確性，並可以讓使用者輕易的觀察到骨骼肌肉系統在運動過程中相對位置改變及功能性角色的轉變，讓骨骼肌肉系統的分析結果直接展現。因此，本研究的目的為利用由動作分析系統所得之肢體活動資料以求得肢體在空間中之運動學資料如速度、加速度及關節所承受之作用力及力矩，並以電腦影像系統模擬骨骼肌肉系統之運動情形並計算肌肉之走向及旋轉力臂。並配合肌肉之生理參數及利用數值運算方法，求得肌肉在動態時為維持關節穩定所需要收縮產生的力量。在本研究中並將所發展之模擬分析系統應用於棒球投球及輪椅驅動動作中。結果顯示，此系統能夠真實的模擬骨骼肌肉系統在整個運動過程中的相對位置變化。肌肉走向及旋轉力臂的變化說明了肌肉在整個運動過程中會隨著姿勢的不同而有不同的功能表現。肌肉力量及應力的預測可以呈現在動作過程中肌肉收縮的狀態及負荷。而在運動過程中有較大負荷的肌肉如在投球動中擴臂肌及旋轉袖肌群以及棘下肌和三角肌在輪椅驅動過程中都容易產生相關的傷害。此一肩關節骨骼肌肉生物力學分析模擬模型，除了可以方便觀察骨骼肌肉系統在不同動作時，不同肌肉之間的相對位置，同時藉由肌肉力量及應力的分析，可以了解肌肉在不同運動過程中所扮演的角色及負荷，希望能藉此減少運動傷害，並進一步加強肌肉強度訓練而有更好的運動表現。

    　The human shoulder joint allows movements in all degrees of freedom and is inherently unstable. Dynamic stability is maintained by the shoulder musculature and rotator cuff during various strenuous extrinsic activities. Due to the complex anatomy and large range of bone and joint movement, few investigations had attempted to develop a dynamic graphics shoulder musculoskeletal model in the past. In the muscle force analysis, previous studies restricted to a static analysis in one or few positions or some studies could be used to determine the dynamic muscle and ligament forces, but no prevision was given to accommodate muscle orientation changes during motion. Furthermore, it was difficult to visualize the 3D musculoskeletal model. A computer-graphics based visual interactive musculoskeletal system (VIMS), is not only in displaying the geometry relationship during the motion, but also in displaying the analyzed results. Therefore, the purposes of this proposed study were to analyze three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics in upper extremity using the developed technique and to animate the motion and display the force and moment during motion using the computer graphics model. A muscle contraction force analysis model in shoulder using physiological parameters and optimization analysis was developed. Moreover, this model was applied to predict muscle contraction forces during pitching and wheelchair propulsion for understanding muscle function and injury prevention during pitching and wheelchair propelling, respectively. The results showed that this system could completely animate the relative movements of all the musculoskeletal system in shoulder. The changes of muscle orientation and muscle moment arms during the baseball pitching and wheelchair propulsion demonstrated muscle would change its function with the change of arm position. Predictions of muscle forces and stresses help us to elucidate the muscle activities and muscle loading during these two activities. Higher muscle loading during the motion such as the latissimus dorsi and rotator cuffs in baseball pitching, and the infraspinatus and deltoid in wheelchair propulsion are prone to its related injury. This VIMS model is not only to provide the visualization of the musculoskeletal system during motion but also to give information about the muscle function, muscle activities and muscle loading. Hopefully, this system could also apply to study other activities involving shoulder motion to help athletes or people doing these activities reduce muscle injury possibility, and further enhance motion performance.

    Abstract I 中文摘要 III 致謝 IV Contents V List of Figures VIII List of Tables XII Nomenclatures XIII Chapter 1 Background and Significance 1 1.1 Anatomy of the Shoulder 1 1.2 Dynamic Shoulder Model 4 1.3 Virtual Human Model 6 1.4 Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics Musculoskeletal Model 7 1.5 The Visual Interactive Musculoskeletal System (VIMS) 9 1.5.1 VIMS-Model 9 1.5.2 VIMS-Tools 10 1.5.3 VIMS-Lab 12 1.5.4 VIMS Software 13 1.6 Summary 14 1.7 Specific Aims 15 1.7.1 Hypothesis 15 1.7.2 Specific Objectives 16 Chapter 2 Development of Shoulder Dynamic Model in VIMS 17 2.1 Development of Glenohumeral Joint in VIMS-Model 19 2.1.1 Skeleton Model 19 2.1.2 Marker Attachments and Definition of Segmental Local Coordinate System 20 2.1.3 Kinematics of the Glenohumeral Joint 23 2.1.4 Muscular Model 26 2.2 Development of Muscular Force Analysis in VIMS-Tools 34 2.2.1 Kinematics & Kinetics 34 2.2.2 External Forces and Moments at the Glenohumeral Joint 36 2.2.3 Muscle Force Analysis 38 Chapter 3 Baseball Pitching Analysis 42 3.1 Baseball Pitching 42 3.1.1 Pitching Biomechanics 43 3.1.2 Electromyography in Baseball Pitching 45 3.2 Motion Capture and Musculoskeletal System Modeling in Baseball Pitching 46 3.2.1 Pitching Motion Capture 46 3.3 Results 47 3.4 Discussion 63 Chapter 4 Shoulder Muscle Force Analysis in Wheelchair Propulsion 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Wheelchair Motion Capture and Musculoskeletal Model Development 71 4.3 Results 73 4.4 Discussion 81 Chapter 5 Summary and Conclusion 86 5.1 Achievement of Present Study 86 5.2 Limitations of Present Model 87 5.3 Future Studies 88 5.4 Conclusion 89 References 90 Appendix A 99 A1. Muscle path hits a sphere obstacle 99 A.2 Muscle path hits a cylinder obstacle 101

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