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研究生： 劉聞
Liu, Wen
論文名稱： 設計思考流程中由發散至收斂思考之轉換階段探討：以工作坊導引者之角色為視角
Exploring the Transitional Phase through Divergent to Convergent Thinking of Design Thinking Process: Perspective from the Role of Workshop Facilitator
指導教授： 楊佳翰
Yang, Chia-Han
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 規劃與設計學院 - 創意產業設計研究所
Institute of Creative Industries Design
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 135
中文關鍵詞： 設計思考 、工作坊 、協進者 、發散思考 、收斂思考 、掙扎區
外文關鍵詞： design thinking, workshop, facilitator, divergent thinking, convergent thinking, groan zone
相關次數： 點閱：175  下載：38 
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    • 設計思考是用來解決複雜問題的創意方法，這種議題導向的問題解決，自然會涉及到不同領域參與者的團體運作。設計思考的創意表現在找出真正問題以及多方面最佳解法的發展，也就是所謂的雙鑽石模型，而設計思考的創意也是表現在每個鑽石發散及收斂的運作。過去的理論或實踐都缺乏清楚的論述如何重發散遷移到收斂的運作 被稱為掙扎區（Groan Zone）。這個階段的運作也正是有效創意表現的轉換機制。因此本研究的目的就是在探討設計思考中的團體創意，如何在發散與收斂中有效的轉移，以更清楚設計思考的創意表現的機制。
    本研究的研究架構，首先探討設計思考不同階段間運作歷程，由文獻評述了解 由發散到收斂的Groan Zone的運作機制，並進一步探討影響該機制的因素。接著，有鑑於設計思考經常採取工作坊的團體運作歷程，因此本研究第二階段的方法在於觀察設計思考工作坊實際個案的創意表現，尤其是在各個階段由發散到收斂運作的團體行為。
    本研究將根據第一階段掙扎區的運作機制的了解，再實際觀察設計思考工作坊的運作。本研究主張設計思考雖然強調每個成員都有相同的參與，不需要特別指派領導者。然而，設計思考歷程的協進者（facilitator）扮演設計思考階段歷程的推動。因此，本研究的第三主要的研究議題，就是在探討工作坊的催化員對於設計思考中創意歷程的促進角色功能，尤其是在由發散到收斂這種轉換的協助，進而促進團體創意的表現。
    本議題的研究方法，利用場域實驗法，也就是觀察實際工作坊的團體歷程，分為接受有效協進者訓練的組別來比較沒有指示的控制組，以進一步驗證本研究所發展出來設計思考工作坊協進者協助掙扎區運作的功能。而本研究結果表明，藉由協進者的介入，參與者能夠更有效通過掙扎區，使團體的合作流程與創意運作機制更加順暢。此外也發現某些參與者自然而然成為協進者、協進者的引導習慣與模式差異之現象。匯集問卷及場域實驗資料後，與設計思考專家和經驗豐富之工作坊協進者進行深度訪談，以釐清在設計思考領域下工作坊之引導學技能，提供促進團隊溝通與合作表現之指南。

    Design thinking is a creative method used to solve complex problems. This issue-oriented problem solving fundamentally involves the group operation of members from different fields. The creativity of design thinking is manifested in identifying the real problem and then developing the optimal solution with interdisciplinary collaboration. The group process which called the double diamond model with explorations of problem and solution in each diamond respectively. The creativity operates in design thinking manifested in the divergence and convergence of each diamond. The design thinking operates in a dynamic way with iteration among each step. However, the existing theories or practices lacked a clear discussion on how to migrate divergence to convergence, which is called the Groan Zone. The operation at this stage is critical in the transformation mechanism for effective creative performance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore how group process in design thinking can effectively transfer in divergence and convergence, thus, to completely understand the mechanism of creative performance in design thinking.
    The research methods of this study were framed in three phrases in progress way. first explores the operation process between different stages of design thinking, and most important to identify the operating mechanism of Groan Zone from divergence to convergence drawing on literature review, and further explores the factors that affect the mechanism. Next, given that design thinking often takes the course of the group operation of the workshop, the research method employed of this research is to observe the creative performance of the actual cases of the design thinking workshop, especially the group behavior from divergence to convergence in each stage.
    The findings of the investigation of the design thinking workshop indicate that design thinking although it emphasizes that every member has the same participation, no special leader is required. However, the facilitator of the design thinking process acts as the driving force of the design thinking process. Therefore, the third main research topic of this research is to explore the role of the catalysts in the workshop to promote the creative process in design thinking, especially in the assistance of the transition from divergence to convergence, thereby promoting the performance of group creativity. The research method of this topic is based on field experiment method, which is to observe the group process of the actual workshop, divided into groups receiving effective facilitator training to compare the control groups without instructions, to further verify the development the function of the workshop facilitator to assist the operation of the conversion zone in design thinking process. The results of this research show that with the intervention of facilitators, the participants can pass through the groan zone more effectively, which makes the teamwork process and creative operation mechanism of the group smoother. In addition, other extra findings show that some participants naturally became the role of facilitator, and the characteristics and habits of facilitators were different from individuals. Contributions of this research are not only to directly clarify the creative operation mechanism from divergence to convergence, but also further provide group behaviors that enhance the creative performance of design thinking. The implications for applications and future study are discussed.

    摘要 II ABSTRACT IV TABLE OF CONTENT VI FIGURES IX TABLE XI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1Research Background 1 1.2Research Motivation 3 1.2.1 Academic Motivation 3 1.3 Research Objective 6 1.4 Research Question 6 1.5 Terminology 7 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Design Thinking Concept 9 2.1.1 Design Thinking Process 10 2.1.2 Evolution of Design Thinking 18 2.1.3 Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Design Process 19 2.1.4 Implication of Design Thinking 21 2.2 Disputation of Design Thinking 23 2.2.1 The Doubt in Design Thinking 23 2.2.2 Design Thinking is Abused 23 2.2.3 Team Problem in Design Thinking 24 2.3 Groan Zone 25 2.3.1 Definition of Groan Zone 25 2.3.2 Recent Studies on Groan Zone 27 2.3.3 Current Strategy on Groan Zone 28 2.4 Concept of Teamwork as Workshop 29 2.4.1 Definition of Workshop 29 2.4.2 Development of Team Building and Teamwork in Workshop 30 2.4.3 Concept of Design Thinking Workshop 33 2.4.4 Category of Design Thinking Workshop Players 33 2.5 Role of Facilitator in Teamwork 34 2.5.1 The Facilitation Theory 34 2.5.2 The Concept of Facilitator 36 2.5.3 Different Types of Facilitators 37 2.5.4 Recent Studies on the Skills of Facilitator in Teamwork 39 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DESIGN 42 3.1 Research Concept 42 3.1.2 Research Framework 42 3.2 Research Method 44 3.2.1 Document Analysis 44 3.2.2 Experiment Research 45 3.2.3 Questionnaire 46 3.2.4 Semi-Structure In-Depth Interview 46 3.2.5 Focus Group 47 3.2.6 Participate Observation 48 3.3 Data Collection 48 3.3.1 Data Source and Selection 48 3.3.2 Experiment Design 49 3.3.3 Data Analysis: Thematic Analysis 50 CHAPTER 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT 51 4.1 Data Source 51 4.1.1 Survey 53 4.1.2 Interviewee for Groan Zone Guideline Establish 58 4.1.3 Workshop Experiment Information 59 4.2 The Determinants Affecting Groan Zone in the Transition Phase of Design Thinking Process 70 4.2.1 Basic Information 70 4.2.2 Online Survey Data Analysis 70 4.2.3 Summary of Determinants Affecting Groan Zone Survey 76 4.3 The Establishment of Groan Zone Guideline 77 4.3.1 In-depth Interview of Groan Zone Data analysis 78 4.3.2 The Guideline for Groan Zone facilitation 86 4.3.3 The Relationship between the Guideline and Facilitation Skills 88 4.4 The Affection about Workshop Facilitator Affect Team Performance during Groan Zone Phase 91 4.4.1 Empathy Phase 92 4.4.2 Define Phase 96 4.4.3 Ideate Phase 101 4.4.4 Prototype Phase 103 4.4.5 The Summary of Facilitator Affection in Team Performance during Groan Zone 106 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 108 5.1 Findings & Discussions 108 5.1.1 The Task and Challenges of a Facilitator 108 5.1.2 The Role of Natural In-group Facilitator 110 5.1.3 Comparison of Formal Facilitator and Natural In-group Facilitator 111 5.1.4 Facilitating Mode as a Status 112 5.1.5 The Idea State In Design Thinking Workshop 115 5.2 Implication of Theory 116 5.3 Implication for Practice 117 5.4 Research Limitations 118 5.5 Recommendation for Future Study 119 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 120 REFERENCES 122 APPENDIX 129

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