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研究生：	賴彥伯 Lai, Yen-Po
論文名稱：	利用永久散射體雷達差分干涉法與大地測量技術監測台灣東部縱谷斷層南段近地表變形行為 Shallow Creep Along the Southern Longitudinal Valley Fault in Eastern Taiwan Using PSInSAR and Geodetic Approaches
指導教授：	景國恩 Ching, Kuo-En
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 自然災害減災及管理國際碩士學位學程 International Master Program on Natural Hazards Mitigation and Management
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	106
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	159
中文關鍵詞：	瞬時鎖定行為、潛移斷層、全測站、PSInSAR 、GPS
外文關鍵詞：	Transient locked event, Creeping fault, PSInSAR, GPS, Total station
相關次數：	點閱：82 下載：1
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本研究整合許多近斷層測地資料，包含10個移動式GPS測站資料已及全測站量測資料。而大範圍的觀測資料則包含22個連續式GPS資料以及永久散射體雷達差分干涉影像 (PSInSAR)。利用這些資料去分析縱谷斷層南段地表淺部伴隨時間、空間的運動行為。縱谷斷層南段包含了廣為人知的池上斷層，此斷層在震間時期有明顯的近地表斷層潛移行為。本研究的GPS坐標每日解是依據ITRF2008框架下利用Bernese軟體解算得到。而透過擬合解算得到的GPS時間序列及速度場是約制位在澎湖白沙的S01R測站。GPS連續站的水平速度場反應出斷層深部的穩定移動速度為每年45.3至84.4毫米。利用StaMPS軟體計算2007到2010年的PSInSAR資料，視衛星方向(line-of-sight) 的速度顯示出部分區域有高達每年25毫米的近地表斷層潛移活動。PSInSAR資料更顯示出延著斷層走向的跨斷層速度落差和斷層潛移區的寬度。更進一步分析出破裂至地表的潛移行為和未破裂至地表的淺部潛移行為。這些特性指出池上斷層的潛移行為並非伴隨斷層走向一成不變。然而，自2012至2016年位於台東電光的近斷層移動式GPS (每站30公尺間距) 速度場，顯示出池上斷層南段幾乎沒有跨斷層的速度落差 (每年1到2毫米)。相同時間跨距的全測站資料 (每點30公分間距)也如移動式GPS顯現出趨近於鎖定的跨斷層活動 (每年1到3毫米)。換句話說，池上斷層淺部在台東電光區域在2007到2010年表現出破裂至地表的斷層潛移行為，而自2012到2016此區域的池上斷層則趨近於鎖定。因為此斷層鎖定行為持續了4年也並非季節性訊號，池上斷層南段瞬時鎖定行為可能被其他周圍的地震觸發，但造成斷層瞬時鎖定行為的原因還有待研究。除此之外，在2003年規模6.8的成功地震發生之前，池上斷層北段的潛變儀監測到跨斷層潛移速度驟減的行為。所以位於池上斷層南段的瞬時鎖定行為可能是發生地震事件的前兆之一。

I integrate the near-fault geodetic measurements from 10 campaign-mode GPS stations, total station measurements, and 22 far-field continuous GPS stations with PSInSAR data for recognizing the spatiotemporal variation of the kinematics on the shallow part of the southern segment of the Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF) which is also known as the Chihshang fault in SE Taiwan that has been considered as interseismic creep near the surface. The GPS coordinate daily solutions were calculated using the software Bernese v.5.0 under the ITRF2008. The horizontal velocities estimated from coordinate time series using least squares method are relative to the station S01R in the Chinese continental margin. The continuous GPS horizontal velocity pattern reflects the fault kinematics at deep part of the fault is stably moving between 84.4 mm/yr and 45.3 mm/yr. The PSInSAR line-of-sight velocities from 2007 to 2010 evaluated by StaMPS show a localized shortening rate of up to ∼25 mm/yr across the LVF, consistent with the shallow creep reaching to the surface. My results demonstrate the along strike cross-fault velocity offset and the width of the shear zone, showing the along strike variation with both surface creep zone and shallow creep zone. These variations indicate that the creeping behavior is certainly not uniform in the southern segment of the LVF. However, from the 2012-2016 near-fault campaign-mode GPS velocity (∼30-meter station spacing) at Dianguang region, almost no velocity difference (1-2 mm/yr) is observed across this segment of the Chihshang fault. The cross-fault velocities (1-3 mm/yr) derived from the total station survey (∼30-centimeter point spacing) in the same region during 2012-2016 are also compatible with the campaign-mode GPS velocity. In other words, the shallow part of this Chihshang fault segment at Dianguang region was creeping during 2007-2010 and is locked or creeping in a very slow rate between 2012 and 2016. Because this locked behavior is continued over four years and is not a seasonal signal, a transient locked event at the creeping fault is therefore proposed in this study and it may be triggered to release energy aseismically by other earthquake. However, the mechanism of this behavior is still unclear so far. In addition, a slow-down creeping rate has been ever detected at the northern Chihshang fault before the 2003 Mw 6.8 Chengkung earthquake. The transient locked event proposed in this study might also be a precursor of the future seismic hazard at the southern Chihshang fault in Taiwan.

Contents
摘要	I
Abstract	II
Acknowledgments	III
Contents	IV
List of Tables	VI
List of Figures	VII
1.	Introduction	1
2.	Tectonic Background	4
2.1	Geology and Tectonic Structures	4
2.2	Seismicity	6
3.	Data Collection and Processing	9
3.1	GPS Data Acquisition and Processing	9
3.1.1	Continuous GPS Data Acquisition	9
3.1.2	Campaign-mode GPS Data Acquisition	10
3.1.3	GPS Data Processing	12
3.1.4	Velocity Calculation	13
3.2	InSAR Processing and SAR Image Acquisition	14
3.2.1	PSInSAR Processing	14
3.2.2	SAR Image Acquisition	17
3.2.3	Interferogrametric Processing	20
3.2.4	Phase Stability Estimation	23
3.2.5	PS Selection	25
3.2.6	Phase Unwrapping and Displacement Estimation	26
3.3	Total Station Data Acquisition and Processing	28
3.3.1	Total Station Data Acquisition	28
3.3.2	Total Station Data Processing	30
3.3.3	Total Station Observation Errors Analysis	31
3.3.4	Velocity Calculation	34
4.	Surface Velocity Field	35
4.1	Horizontal Velocity Field	35
4.2	Vertical Velocity Field	35
4.3 	LOS Velocity Field	40
4.4 	LOS Velocity Profiles	46
4.5 	Total Station Displacement Field	53
4.6 	Total Station Velocity Field	61
5.	Discussion	62
5.1	Along Strike Creep Variation of the Southern LVF	62
5.2	Temporary Lock of the Chihshang Fault at the Dianguang Region	65
6.	Conclusions	67
7.	References	68


List of Tables
Table 1: ALOS-1 images acquisition table...	19
Table 2: STD table of point 1, 5 and 362	33
Table 3: STD table of point 367, 751 and 756	33
Table 4: STD table of point TK03, TK04 and TK08	34



Appendix
Appendix 1: Continuous GPS velocity time series	71
Appendix 2: Distributions of total station network	75
Appendix 3: Total station velocity time series	78

                                    

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