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研究生：	劉淑秀 Liu, Shu-Hsiu
論文名稱：	應用數位相機發展非接觸式量測技術及建立自動化運算程式 Noncontact Image-Based Measurement Techniques and Automatic Programming Using Digital Camera
指導教授：	朱聖浩 Ju, Shen-Haw
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2007
畢業學年度：	95
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	146
中文關鍵詞：	數位影像、數位相機、實驗量測、變位、裂縫、複合材料、凹口、應力集中係數、影像相關性、影像處理、有限元素法、最小二乘法
外文關鍵詞：	Digital camera, Computer image, Crack, Composite, Notch, Crack opening Displacement, Stress intensity factors, Digital-image-correlation experiment, Least-squares method, Finite element method
相關次數：	點閱：184 下載：3
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一般而言實驗量測的方法包括應變計量測，光彈法、thermoelastic法及Moire法…等，上述之方法因實驗儀器昂貴及複雜的實驗步驟，影響了實驗之準確度及可行性。近年來數位相機技術進步，除了解析度大幅提升、使用便利性等優點外，搭配實體顕微鏡已可用來進行微觀實驗，本論文研究目的發展標記點及影像相關性兩套非接觸式量測技術，利用數位相機搭配實體顕微鏡，量測均向性材料及複合材料的彈性及塑性變位，並將所得之變位值配合最小二乘法求得試體開裂處之應力集中係數，以及計算組合鋼構件之彎矩及剪力值，量測結果將與有限元素分析法及理論解作比較。本論文發展之量測技術優點為（1）實驗儀器及試驗步驟簡單、可行性及準確度高，且實驗裝置不需加入隔震設備（2）量測範圍可任意選取，不需考慮邊界條件（3）估算開裂處之應力集中係數時，不需使用非常靠近裂縫尖端之變位值（4）本論文所建立之自動化計算程式，快速將受力前後之數位影像資料進行分析，並計算出變位值及材料破壞參數(5)數位相機所擷取材料受力變形之歷時影像紀錄可永久儲存作為材料在其他方面研究之參考。

In the past experience, digital camera often only used for recording the procedure of experiment and taking the image. With the development in science and technology. The progress of digital camera is very quickly, and the price is more and more inexpensive. The digital image processing is becoming increasingly important as an experimental tool in the field of physics and experimental mechanics etc. The deformation of structure or frame is an important index to evaluate the strength of structure. The numerous experimental methods such as sensors, gauges or extensometers for measuring displacements and strains; moiré and computer image methods are often used to find the COD values of cracked structures. Several different types of transducers can be used to measure the deflection. However, most of these sensors require the access to measurement location and the instrument cost. In addition, the installation of these instruments is time consuming and the experimental procedure complex that makes it unsuitable for use in harsh environmental conditions. This thesis develop the non-contact digital image technique to measure structural displacement of an object surface in the field of experimental solid mechanics using the digital camera and personal computer only. Because digital image technique does not need a complicated optical system and the operation takes place in normal conditions, without extra vibration isolation. Hence, the measurement can be performed simply and easily. Thus, a lot of applications of this method to various problems can be found.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Chinese) ............................................................ Ⅰ
ABSTRACT (Chinese)...................................................................................... Ⅱ
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................... Ⅲ
CONTENTS....................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................VIII
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................. XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS....................................................................................... XII
Chapter 1 
Introduction	1
1  Prologue	1
2  Objectives and Scope of Research	2
3  Organization of Dissertation	4

Chapter 2 
Literature Review	5
1 Research correlated with the experimental displacement measurement using computer images	5
2 Research correlated with the experimental measurement of SIFs for the isotropic materials using computer images.	6
3 Research correlated with the experimental measurement of SIFs for the composites using computer images.	7
4 Research related to estimating the moment and shear force of the beam using computer images	9
5 Research related with the deformation measurement usingthe digital-image-correlation method	10
6 Research related with the experiment and numerical methods to evaluate the SIFs for a shape notch	12

Chapter 3 
Details of the Digital Camera Measurement experiment and Computer Image Analysis System	14
1  Introduction	14
2  Experimental set-up and procedural details	14
2.1  Optical system	15
2.2  Surface pattern on the specimen and application	15
2.3  Experimental procedures	18
3  Computer image analysis system	18
3.1  Evaluation of deformation from computer images	18
3.2  Experimental accuracy due to ambient vibrations	20
4  Summary	22

Chapter 4 
Determination of Stress Intensity Factors of the Isotropic Materials by Digital Camera	23
1  Introduction	23
2  Calculating SIFs using the least-squares method	23
2.1  Least-squares method using finite element results	24
2.2  Least-squares method using crack opening displacements from experiments	26
3  Numerical validation	27
3.1  Accuracy of the least-squares method using finite element results	28
3.2  Accuracy of the least-squares method using simulated COD values	31
4  Illustration of the digital camera experiment	35
4.1  Specimens	35
4.2  Optical system	36
4.3  Experimental details	37
5  Experimental results and comparisons	38
6  Summary	42

Chapter 5 
Evaluation of Stress Intensity Factors of Composites Using Crack Opening Displacements	43
1  Introduction	43
2  Calculating SIFs using least-squares method	43
2.1  Displacement fields of a cracked plate	43
2.2  Calculating SIF using COD by the least-squares method	46
3  Numerical validation	48
4  Illustration of experiment	52
4.1  Process of making composite specimen	52
4.2  Optical system	54
4.3  Experimental procedures	55
4.4  Experimental accuracy due to the laboratory micro-vibration	58
5  Experimental results and comparisons	58
6  Summary	59

Chapter 6 
Measurement Structural Displacements Using Digital Camera	62
1  Introduction	62
2  The digital camera experiment applied in the laboratory	62
2.1  Experiment details	62
2.2  Numerical validation	65
2.3  Experimental results and comparisons	66
3  The digital camera experiment was conducted in natural environment	69
3.1  Experiment details	69
3.2  Numerical validation for a simply supported beam subjected to a concentrated force	72
3.3  Numerical validation for the least-squares method used for fitting displacement data	73
3.4  Experimental results and comparisons	74
4  Summary	76

Chapter 7 
Evaluation of beam moment and shear force using a digital camera experiment	77
1  Introduction	77
2  Algorithm to calculate beam moment and shear force	77
2.1  Evaluation of beam displacements using the least-squares method	78
2.2  Calculation of beam moments and shear forces	81
3  Theoretical and numerical validations	83
3.1  A simply supported beam subjected to a uniform load	83
3.2  A simply supported beam subjected to a large concentrated force at beam center	86
4  Illustration of digital camera experiment	89
4.1  Specimen	89
4.2  Experimental procedures	89
4.3  Experimental accuracy due to ambient vibrations	92
5  Experimental results and comparisons	92
5.1  Comparison of the results between specimen A and FEA	92
5.2  Comparison of the results between specimen B and FEA	96
6  Summary	98

Chapter 8 
Determination 2D notch SIFs by image-correlation method	99
1  Introduction	99
2  Calculating SIFs using least-squares method	99
2.1  Displacement fields due to a sharp notch	99
2.2  Least-squares method to find SIFs of a sharp V-notch	101
3  Validations using finite element method	103
3.1  Detail of V-notches specimens	103
3.2  Accuracy of least-squares method using finite element results	103
4  Experimental Validations	109
4.1  Optical system and random pattern	109
4.2  Experimental details	111
4.3  Image-correlation method and analysis procedures	111
4.4  Experimental results and comparisons	113
5  Summary	117

Chapter 9 
Conclusions and Recommendations	118
1  Conclusions	118
2  Recommendations for Further Research	121

REFERENCES	122
APPENDIX A	129
APPENDIX B	141
VITA……………………………………………………………………………………...146
                                    

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