在城鄉與經濟發展的需求下，河川周邊土地利用的頻繁變化及增強，為流域生態 環境帶來潛在的風險，進而影響到人類生活。國際上以流域管理(Watershed Management)概念，以整體流域為單元進行規劃，進而保護流域的自然資源與服務。 在環境永續面向，生態安全(Ecological Security)概念類似於生態系統健康(Ecosystem Health)，注重於生態系統的永續性，主要從「生態系統的自我調適」與「避免生態系 統過大的變化，進而對人類生活造成影響」兩大面向，加強流域生態環境之評估與管 理。臺灣現行流域特定區域計畫中，已有流域整體性的概念出現，然而著重在透過逕 流分攤、出流管制，減低洪峰流量對人身安全的危害。而氣候變遷帶來的極端降雨， 容易造成河川水質、水量的劇烈變化，影響到生態系統的永續發展，其中以臺灣中南 部受到最大的影響。因此，本研究以高屏溪流域為研究範圍，從生態安全與流域空間 整體性的角度出發，先以脆弱性(Vulnerability)、韌性(Resilience)以及生態系統服務 (Ecosystem Services)三大面向，建立高屏溪流域之生態安全評估系統;接著以 InVEST 模型計算部分指標的生態系統服務價值;最後，透過分組分析(Grouping Analysis)找出 自然分組，判別流域範圍內指標特性之差異。
本研究發現，在低人為使用時生態系統狀態相對較好的趨勢下，上游的零星建成 區域周邊，水域狀態依然相對良好，而部分生態韌性指標在匯流處明顯較低。此外， 不同季節下，中游的水域生態系統狀態，存在區位差異，枯季以中偏上游較佳;豐季 則為中偏下游。再者，根據近未來年的推估，豐季下游的降雨量有提高的趨勢，且其 綠覆蓋率及自然環境連續性較低，水/陸生態系統可能受到較嚴重的衝擊。又高屏溪 流域上游以森林使用為主，提供良好的水資源供給及侵蝕控制效用;而下游耕地扮演 重要的糧食供給角色，卻也存在較差的生態狀態。因此，未來透過流域特定區域計畫 進行土地使用管理時，應該謹慎規劃人為使用比例較高的土地類別，並以整體流域為 單元，思考生態系統服務(Ecosystem Services)與生態系統狀態之間的平衡;此外，應 加強匯流處的環境管理、豐季下游的排水及侵蝕控制;又流域中水域與陸域關係密切， 季節性思維或許可以加入流域土地使用的管理中。綜此，透過上述方法對流域進行更 全面的討論，有利於減低都市發展或氣候變遷衝擊對流域生態環境的影響。

Urban development poses potential risks to the watershed environment, and thus affected human life. Watershed management is a concept of protecting watershed resources and services through holistic planning. In addition, the concept of Ecological Security emphasizes sustainability, focusing on "Self-adaptation" and " Avoiding ecosystem alterations that affect human life". Although Taiwan has implemented integrated watershed management, it’s now mainly disaster oriented. Under climate change, irregular rainfall causes drastic alterations in water quality and quantity, and has a significant impact on ecosystem, particularly in the Kaoping watershed. Through research, the Focus Group method has developed a framework for Ecological Security Assessment of the Kaoping watershed. Afterwards, the InVEST model calculated some indicators, and aggregation of indicators is identified by Grouping Analysis. This study found that the ecological condition of the midstream varies in different seasons, with some confluence areas having poor status. Furthermore, increased rainfall in downstream from 2016-2035 may affect the ecosystem. Additionally, forests in the upstream provide good water recharge and erosion control services, while cropland in downstream supplies food but is in poor ecological condition. Therefore, future land use planning should consider the balance between Ecosystem Services and ecosystem condition. In addition, environmental management at the confluence should be strengthened, as well as drainage or erosion control in the lower midstream during the wet season.

中文文獻
內政部. (2018). 全國國土計畫.
內政部營建署. (1999). 都市規劃作業手冊(壹) - 基本資料之蒐集與調查.
內政部營建署. (2021). 全國國土計畫─流域特定區域計畫推動機制及示範計畫之研擬實作總結報告書.
水保局. (2021). 增列水土保持手冊有關「降雨沖蝕指數(Rm)及土壤沖蝕指數(Km)之採用」.
王开运, & 邹春静. (2007). 生态承载力复合模型系统与应用.
王虹婷. (2018). 不同時期土地利用生態系服務價值之比較評估 (Publication Number 2018年) 國立臺灣大學]. AiritiLibrary.
朱達仁, 施君翰, 汪淑慧, & 張睿昇. (2006). 溪流環境評估常使用的量化生態指標簡介.
江彥政, & 張俊彥. (2010). 河川沿岸土地利用對水質之影響研究 [The Influence of Riverside Land Use on Water Quality]. 造園景觀學報, 16(3), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.6950/jl.201009.0053
行政院. (2021). 前瞻基礎建設計畫（核定本）.
科技部. (2022). IPCC氣候變遷第六次評估報告「衝擊、調適與脆弱度」之科學重點摘錄與臺灣氣候變遷衝擊評析更新報告.
胡通哲, 陳淑媛, 陳彥旭, & 陳兆鈿. (2022). 河川水域與濱溪棲地品質分析―以水璉溪為例. 土木水利, 49卷2期, pp. 21-26. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.6653/MoCICHE.202204_49(2).0006
孫建平, & 邱宏彬. (2022). 河川生態評估指標用於河川工程之探討. 土木水利, 49卷2期, pp. 17-20. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.6653/MoCICHE.202204_49(2).000510.6653/MoCICHE.202204_49(2).0005
張學聖, & 魏良諭. (2020). 國土空間規劃回應氣候變遷之比較分析－以台南市為例 [Comparative Analysis of Spatial Plans in Response to Climate Change - A Case Study of Tainan City]. 規劃學報, 38(2), 1-28.
曹秉帅, 邹长新, 高吉喜, & 何萍. (2019). 生態安全評價方法及其應用. 生態與農村環境學報, 35(8): 953-963. https://doi.org/http://www.xml-data.org/STYNCHJXB/html/2019/8/20190801.htm
陳樹群, 吳俊毅, 吳岳霖, & 王士豪. (2009). GIS圖層及修正因子建置台灣通用土壤流失公式(TUSLE)-以石門水庫集水區為例. 中華水土保持學報, 40(2): 185-197.
章美英, & 許麗齡. (2006). 質性研究－焦點團體訪談法之簡介與應用 [Qualitative Research: An Introduction to Focus Group Methodology and Its Application]. 護理雜誌, 53(2), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.6224/jn.53.2.67
彭榮達. (2009). 土地利用變遷對非點源污染負荷之影響 (Publication Number 2009年) 國立臺北科技大學]. AiritiLibrary.
黃雯棋, 許呈愷, & 李子璋. (2017). 以碎形維度探討都市計畫區外圍建成區蔓延程度 [Urban Sprawl on the Urban Fringe of Tainan Measured Using Fractal Dimensions]. 都市與計劃, 44(2), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.6128/cp.44.2.171
經濟部. (2020). 旱災災害防救業務計畫經濟部109年8月中央災害防救會報第42次會議核定.
經濟部水利署. (2020). 流域整體改善與調適規劃參考手冊.
經濟部水利署. (2023). 出流管制計畫書與規劃書檢核基準及洪峰流量計算方法.
經濟部水利署北區水資源局. (2013). 因應氣候變遷下水資源管理研習（整合性水資源管理應用於氣候變遷調適策略）.
經濟部水利署第七河川局. (2020). 108~110年度高屏溪河川情勢調查計畫(2/3)成果報告書(光碟版). https://doi.org/https://lib.wra.gov.tw/WraLib/wSite/books_89816
經濟部水利署第七河川局. (2021). 108~110年度高屏溪河川情勢調查計畫(3/3)成果報告書(光碟版).
經濟部水利署第十河川局. (2019). 淡水河水系河川環境管理計畫.
劉芝麟, & 柳婉郁. (2021). InVEST碳儲存模型與土地利用關聯之研究－以福智教育園區為例 [The association of the InVEST carbon storage model and land use/cover changes-a case study of Bliss and Wisdom Educational Park]. 林業研究季刊, 43(4), 177-194.
蕭戎雯. (2013). 不同單元尺度對土地利用及生態系統服務模擬之影響-以大屯溪流域為例 (Publication Number 2013年) 國立臺灣大學]. AiritiLibrary.
戴伊欣. (2015). 台灣水資源法規、策略之研究：以以色列經驗為例 (Publication Number 2015年) 國立清華大學]. AiritiLibrary.
環保署. (2021). 民國1 10年環境水質監測年報.
 
英文文獻
Allan, J. D. (2004). Landscapes and riverscapes: The influence of land use on stream ecosystems [Review]. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35, 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.120202.110122
Antunes, P., Kallis, G., Videira, N., & Santos, R. (2009, Feb). Participation and evaluation for sustainable river basin governance [Article]. Ecological Economics, 68(4), 931-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.12.004
Benson, D., Gain, A. K., & Giupponi, C. (2020, 2020/03/01). Moving beyond water centricity? Conceptualizing integrated water resources management for implementing sustainable development goals. Sustainability Science, 15(2), 671-681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00733-5
Callicott, J. B. (1995, NOV). THE VALUE OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, 4(4), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327195776679448
Costanza, R. (1992, 01/01). Toward an operational definition of ecosystem health. Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management, 239-256.
Costanza, R. (2012). Ecosystem health and ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering, 45, 24-29.
Daily, G., Postel, S., Bawa, K., & Kaufman, L. (1997). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press.
Dale, V. H., & Beyeler, S. C. (2001, 2001/08/01/). Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 1(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00003-6
Darghouth, S., Ward, C., Gambarelli, G., Styger, E., & Roux, J. (2008, 01/01). Watershed Management Approaches, Policies, and Operations: Lessons for Scaling Up.
Dou, P. F., Zuo, S. D., Ren, Y., Rodriguez, M. J., & Dai, S. Q. (2021, Jul). Refined water security assessment for sustainable water management: A case study of 15 key cities in the Yangtze River Delta, China [Article]. Journal of Environmental Management, 290, 13, Article 112588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112588
ERSI. (2023). Grouping Analysis. ERSI. Retrieved July 10 from https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/spatial-statistics-toolbox/grouping-analysis.htm
Ffolliott, P. F., Baker, M. B., Edminster, C. B., Dillon, M. C., & Mora, K. L. (2012). Land stewardship through watershed management: perspectives for the 21st century. Springer Science & Business Media.
Giordano, M., & Shah, T. (2014, 2014/07/03). From IWRM back to integrated water resources management. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30(3), 364-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2013.851521
Grêt-Regamey, A., Sirén, E., Brunner, S. H., & Weibel, B. (2017, 2017/08/01/). Review of decision support tools to operationalize the ecosystem services concept. Ecosystem Services, 26, 306-315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.012
Griffiths, M. (2002, 01/01). The European Water Framework Directive. An Approach to Integrated River Basin Management. European Water Management Online, 5.
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1), 1-23.
Hunsacker, C. T., & Levine, D. A. (1995). Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience, 45(3), 193–203.
IPCC. (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=nQg3SJtkOGwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=IPCC.+(2012).+Managing+the+Risks+of+Extreme+Events+and+Disasters+to+Advance+Climate+Change+Adaptation.+A+Special+Report+of+Working+Groups+I+and+II+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change+(IPCC).+Cambridge+University+Press,+New+York,+NY,+USA,+582+p&ots=14JkxwpxVR&sig=u7aSXG2xDpWIps0AlT8q7zAretM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jain, A. K. (2010). Data clustering: 50 years beyond K-means. Pattern Recognition Letters, 31(8), 651-666. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.011
Jing, Y., Chen, L., Sun, R. (2018). A theoretical research framework for ecological security pattern construction based on ecosystem services supply and demand. Acta Ecologica Sinica, Sin. 38, 4121–4131. https://doi.org/http://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/ch/html/2018/12/stxb201803090469.htm#rhhz
Jogo, W., & Hassan, R. (2010, May). Balancing the use of wetlands for economic well-being and ecological security: The case of the Limpopo wetland in southern Africa [Article]. Ecological Economics, 69(7), 1569-1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.021
Jones-Walters, L., & Mulder, I. (2009). Valuing nature: The economics of biodiversity. Journal for Nature Conservation, 17(4), 245-247.
Kaplowitz, M. D., & Hoehn, J. P. (2001, Feb). Do focus groups and individual interviews reveal the same information for natural resource valuation? [Article]. Ecological Economics, 36(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(00)00226-3
Li, C., Wu, Y., Gao, B., Zheng, K., Wu, Y., & Wang, M. (2023, 2023/02/01/). Construction of ecological security pattern of national ecological barriers for ecosystem health maintenance. Ecological Indicators, 146, 109801. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109801
Liu, Y. Y., Zhao, C. Y., Liu, X. M., Chang, Y. P., Wang, H., Yang, J. H., Yang, X. G., & Wei, Y. (2021, Dec). The multi-dimensional perspective of ecological security evaluation and drive mechanism for Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, China [Article]. Ecological Indicators, 132, 12, Article 108295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108295
Loomis, J., Kent, P., Strange, L., Fausch, K., & Covich, A. (2000, Apr). Measuring the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in an impaired river basin: results from a contingent valuation survey [Article]. Ecological Economics, 33(1), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00131-7
Luo, R., Yang, S. L., Wang, Z. Y., Zhang, T. M., & Gao, P. Q. (2021). Impact and trade off analysis of land use change on spatial pattern of ecosystem services in Chishui River Basin [Article; Early Access]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17188-w
Ma, L. B., Bo, J., Li, X. Y., Fang, F., & Cheng, W. J. (2019, Jul). Identifying key landscape pattern indices influencing the ecological security of inland river basin: The middle and lower reaches of Shule River Basin as an example [Article]. Science of the Total Environment, 674, 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.107
Mahmoud, S. H., & Gan, T. Y. (2018, 2018/08/15/). Impact of anthropogenic climate change and human activities on environment and ecosystem services in arid regions. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 1329-1344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.290
McKenna Jr, J. (2003). An enhanced cluster analysis program with bootstrap significance testing for ecological community analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 18(3), 205-220.
Mwangi, H. M., Julich, S., & Feger, K. H. (2016). Introduction to Watershed Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_153
10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3
Niemeijer, D., & de Groot, R. S. (2008, 2008/02/01). Framing environmental indicators: moving from causal chains to causal networks. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-006-9040-9
Ontario, C. (2012). IWM Fact Sheet: Working Together Protecting Natural Resources & Their Functions.
Pegram, G., Li, Y., & Le Quesne, T. (2013). River basin planning: Principles, procedures and approaches for strategic basin planning. Asian Development Bank.
Poff, N. L., Allan, J. D., Bain, M. B., Karr, J. R., Prestegaard, K. L., Richter, B. D., Sparks, R. E., & Stromberg, J. C. (1997). The natural flow regime. BioScience, 47(11), 769-784.
Ramirez-Gomez, S. O. I., Torres-Vitolas, C. A., Schreckenberg, K., Honzak, M., Cruz-Garcia, G. S., Willcock, S., Palacios, E., Perez-Minana, E., Verweij, P. A., & Poppy, G. M. (2015, Jun). Analysis of ecosystem services provision in the Colombian Amazon using participatory research and mapping techniques [Article]. Ecosystem Services, 13, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.009
Rapport, D. J. (1995, 1995//). Ecosystem Health: An Emerging Integrative Science. Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Ring, I., Hansjurgens, B., Elmqvist, T., Wittmer, H., & Sukhdev, P. (2010, May). Challenges in framing the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: the TEEB initiative [Review]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(1-2), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.005
Schirpke, U., Tscholl, S., & Tasser, E. (2020, 2020/10/15/). Spatio-temporal changes in ecosystem service values: Effects of land-use changes from past to future (1860–2100). Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111068. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111068
Schneider, C., Laizé, C. L. R., Acreman, M. C., & Flörke, M. (2013). How will climate change modify river flow regimes in Europe? Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17(1), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-325-2013
Sharp, R., Douglass, J., Wolny, S., Arkema, K., Bernhardt, J., Bierbower, W., Chaumont, N., Denu, D., Fisher, D., Glowinski, K., Griffin, R., Guannel, G., Guerry, A., Johnson, J., Hamel, P., Kennedy, C., Kim, C. K., Lacayo, M., Lonsdorf, E., Mandle, L., Rogers, L., Silver, J., Toft, J., Verutes, G., Vogl, A. L., Wood, S, & Wyatt, K. (2020). InVEST 3.12.0 User’s Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund.
Shrestha, S., & Kazama, F. (2007, Apr). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan [Article; Proceedings Paper]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22(4), 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001
Tscherning, K., Helming, K., Krippner, B., Sieber, S., & Paloma, S. G. Y. (2012, JAN). Does research applying the DPSIR framework support decision making? Land Use Policy, 29(1), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.05.009
UNESCO, W., NARBO. (2009). IWRM guidelines at river basin level, part 1: principles.
UNESCO-WWAP. (2006). Water: a shared responsibility; the United Nations world water development report 2.
UNESCO-WWAP. (2022). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible. UNESCO, Paris. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000380721
UNESCO-WWAP, D. W. P., UNEP-DHI Centre for Water and Environment. (2009). Integrated water resources management in action.
USDA. (1978). RUSLE handbook.
Wang, G., Mang, S., Cai, H., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Wang, L., & Innes, J. L. (2016). Integrated watershed management： evolution, development and emerging trends. Journal of forestry research, 27(5), 967-994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0293-3
Wei H, Chang X, & XZ, W. (2017). Regional ecosystem service value evaluation based on land use changes: A case study in Dezhou, Shandong Provience,China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201603300581
Y., W., Jj., M., Y., Q., & Fl., P. (2015). Review of ecosystem management based on the InVEST model. https://doi.org/http://cnki.sris.com.tw/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=STXZ201512035&dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2015
Zhang, B., G., X., Y., X., & F., L. (2010). Classification of Ecosystem Services Based on Human Demand.
Zhang, J., Gilbert, D., Gooday, A. J., Levin, L., Naqvi, S. W. A., Middelburg, J. J., Scranton, M., Ekau, W., Peña, A., Dewitte, B., Oguz, T., Monteiro, P. M. S., Urban, E., Rabalais, N. N., Ittekkot, V., Kemp, W. M., Ulloa, O., Elmgren, R., Escobar-Briones, E., & Van der Plas, A. K. (2010). Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development. Biogeosciences, 7(5), 1443-1467. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1443-2010
Zhang, J. X., Cao, Y. M., Ding, F. S., Wu, J., & Chang, I. S. (2022, May). Regional Ecological Security Pattern Construction Based on Ecological Barriers: A Case Study of the Bohai Bay Terrestrial Ecosystem [Article]. Sustainability, 14(9), 23, Article 5384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095384
Zhang, M. X., Bao, Y. B., Xu, J., Han, A. R., Liu, X. P., Zhang, J. Q., & Tong, Z. J. (2021, Dec). Ecological security evaluation and ecological regulation approach of East-Liao River basin based on ecological function area [Article]. Ecological Indicators, 132, 13, Article 108255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108255