近年企業經營之最終目的是讓企業永續發展，營造出幸福企業；以實務面而言，追求企業永續發展必須建立於組織良好績效，面對詭譎多變的競爭，組織漸轉型為全員參與型經營以提高應變力，並期盼員工自主思考與決策，主動對組織做出貢獻，進一步做出「利他」的組織公民行為，以提高運作績效。
　　本研究欲探討員工為何願意實行組織公民行為，以及出自不同動機的組織公民行為對於績效的影響；故以「印象管理」與「組織公平」作為「組織公民行為」前置因數，並探究「組織公民行為」與「工作績效」及「組織績效」之關係。
　　本研究施測對象包含台灣私人企業與公家機關之員工為研究對象，不限所處產業與規模，資料收集採取隨機抽樣，總計發放502份問卷，共回收442份，回收率達88%，其中有效問卷共311份，有效問卷率達62%。
　　根據本研究實證分析發現如下：
一、組織公民行為對於工作績效之影響高於組織績效。
二、人員會偏向採取對於攸關自身工作面的組織公民行為。
三、組織公平直接有助於提高組織績效與發展性，但對於直接強化工作績效的程度不高。
四、組織公民行為可強化組織公平對於工作績效的影響性。
五、基於印象管理與組織公平之動機所觸發的組織公民行為確實能提高個人工作績效。
六、印象管理比組織公平更能解釋為何人員採取組織公民行為之動機，且實務上印象管理與組織公民行為之分界模糊。

The objective of this study was to investigate why employees were willing to engage in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and how does OCB affect performance with different motivation. Although OCB has been associated with positive organizational outcomes, it has been noticed that OCB is not always good for management of organization recently by literature. The samples of the study were collected from both online and paper questionnaire surveys. Data were analyzed with hierarchical regression using SPSS. Via 311 usable responses of questionnaires from Taiwan, we find OCB actually had the positive effect on performance, but sometimes OCB may be categorized as impression management. Moreover, the results of the analysis showed the organizational justice could positively and significantly affect organizational performance. It indicated when employees considered organization being just and fair, they believed organizational performance would be better.

參考文獻
一、 中文文獻
丁學勤 (2016)。國小教師對學校組織公平、校長領導的認知與組織公民行為關係之研究－不同理論模式之比較。教育行政論壇，8(2)，95-122。
王敏行、王智弘 (2014)。印象管理面試技巧、面試內容覺察與脊髓損傷應徵者面試評價關係探討。特殊教育研究學刊，39(1)，35-60。doi: 10.6172/bse.201403.3901002
何月妃、連雅慧、艾昌瑞 (2011)。便利商店員工情緒勞務、組織公民行為與組織績效相關之研究。休閒運動保健學報(2)，82-98。doi: 10.6204/jrshp.2011.02.06
余舜基 (2016)。組織正義、工作滿意度與工作績效關係之研究－以臺灣光電產業為例。社會研究學，2(2)，101-120. doi: 10.3966/241142432016100202005
李元墩、林秋娟、陳順宇、黃貞芬 (2016)。台灣銀行業外派人員之社會支持、組織承諾對工作績效之影響-職家衝突與文化距離之調節效果。創新研發學刊，12(2)，31-41。
卓正欽、郭宏偉 (2015)。組織公平與組織公民行為之關係：以工作滿足為中介變數。管理資訊計算，4(1)，263-276。doi: 10.6285/mic.4(1).21
卓正欽、劉振緯 (2015)。組織公平與組織公民行為：情感型組織承諾的中介角色。明新學報，41(1)，121-134。
周聰佑、陳彥廷、吳佳玲 (2012)。企業履行社會責任對員工組織公民行為之影響。商管科技季刊，13(2)，165-190。
季力康 (1994)。運動目標取向量表的建構效度－驗證性因素分析的應用。體育學報(18)，299-309。doi: 10.6222/pej.0018.199412.3427
林淑姬、樊景立、吳靜吉、司徒達賢 (1994)。薪酬公平、程序公正與組織承諾、組織公民行為關係之研究。管理評論，13(2)，87-107。doi: 10.6656/mr.1994.13.2.chi.87
林鉦棽 (2003)。以組織承諾及工作滿足為實徵切入分析組織公民行為與員工工作考績之結構模式比較。人力資源管理學報，3(2)，93-113。doi: 10.6147/jhrm.2003.0302.05
林鉦棽 (2005)。組織公民行為之跨層次分析：層級線性模式的應用。管理學報，22(4)，503-524。doi: 10.6504/jom.2005.22.04.06
林鉦棽 (2007)。跨層次觀點下印象管理動機與主管導向之組織公民行為的關係：社會互動與組織政治氣候的調節角色。管理學報，24(1)，93-111。doi: 10.6504/jom.2007.24.01.06
林鉦棽、高月慈、賴鳳儀 (2010)。轉化領導、交易領導與部屬組織公民行爲之關聯性分析：探討政治技能的調節角色。組織與管理，3(2)，129-164。
林鉦棽、賴鳳儀、黃紹慶、運蕙韶、鍾潤富 (2011)。組織公民行為與工作家庭衝突之關聯分析：好士兵症候群？管理學報，28(1)，31-47。doi: 10.6504/jom.2011.28.01.02
林鉦棽、謝瑜玲 (2007)。策略性人力資源管理與組織文化對組織公民行為的影響之研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3(1)，1-15。
盛龍飛、史振磊 (2009)。組織公民行為的生成機制及誘發策略。北京交通大學學報（社會科學版），8(3)，64-68。
許中駿、郭字欣、張姮燕、許順旺 (2014)。國際觀光旅館技術及管理創新、服務品質與組織績效之相關研究－以組織公民行為為干擾變項。企業管理學報(102)，79-105。
陳玉樹、謝宜栴 (2008)。師徒功能對工作績效的影響：以職場個人學習為中介效果。中正教育研究，7(2)，65-96。
陳盈幸 (2012)。體育行政人員知覺組織公平與工作士氣關係之研究。國立臺灣體育運動大學學報(1)，57-74。
陳欽雨、王美雅、薛永慎 (2016)。通訊業員工人際網絡、成就動機及工作績效對升遷機會之影響。創新與管理，12(1)，1-38。
陳新豐 (2014)。結構方程模式: Mplus的應用。臺北市：心理出版社有限公司。
湯大偉、林晏瑜、卓秀足、謝孟樺 (2006)。績效評估中對員工行為動機歸因之探討：區辨組織公民行為與印象管理行為。興國學報(6)，157-172。
費吳琛、許庭茂 (2015)。適者生存：員工的印象管理戰術對組織政治知覺與上下關係品質的中介作用。國防管理學報，36(1)，1-18。
馮明、李聰 (2011)。印象管理對主觀職業生涯成功的影響－政治技能的調節作用。華東經濟管理，25(2)，118-122。
黃芳銘 (2015)。結構方程模式-理論與應用。臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
廖紫柔、魏乃捷、李欣宜 (2014)。組織公平、主管部屬關係品質、服務導向組織公民行為之結構模式研究。管理資訊計算，3(2)，64-77。doi: 10.6285/mic.3(2).06
蔡維奇、陳建丞、陳皓怡、宋立國 (2009)。應徵者印象管理戰術與面試官評價：面試官作筆記行為的干擾效果。管理學報，26(5)，577-597。doi: 10.6504/jom.2009.26.05.05
鄭國泰 (2013)。人格、組織正義與公民行為對反生產力工作行為的影響：以中華電信的員工為分析對象。中國行政評論，19(2)，81-120。doi: 10.6635/cpar.2013.19(2).03
賴明政 (2004)。企業倫理行為、組織承諾、工作滿足與組織公民行為關係之研究。企業管理學報(60)，31-59。
戴有德 (2010)。國際觀光旅館員工組織公平、工作滿意度、組織承諾與組織公民行爲關係之研究。島嶼觀光研究，3(4)，26-50。
謝琇玲、林惠敏 (2015)。職場友誼促進組織公民行為？公平捷徑理論觀點。 勞資關係論叢，17(1)，60-88。
謝琇玲、林惠敏、謝佳儒 (2016)。工作價值觀對組織公民行為之影響─社會認定理論觀點。勞資關係論叢，18(1)，35-61。
顏弘欽 (2013)。心有餘，而力不足？「家庭對工作衝突」對教師組織公民行為的影響。教育經營與管理研究集刊(9)，61-90。
二、 英文文獻
Adams, J. S. (1963). Towards an understanding of inequity. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5), 422.
Antony, J. P., and Bhattacharyya, S. (2010). Measuring organizational performance and organizational excellence of SMEs–Part 1: a conceptual framework. Measuring Business Excellence, 14(2), 3-11.
Arkin, R. M. (1981). Self-presentation styles. Impression management theory and social psychological research, 311, 334.
Balkin, D. B., and Gomez‐Mejia, L. R. (1990). Matching compensation and organizational strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 153-169.
Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrick, M. R., Shaffer, J. A., and DeGrassi, S. W. (2009). What You See May Not Be What You Get: Relationships Among Self-Presentation Tactics and Ratings of Interview and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1394-1411.
Bateman, T. S., and Organ, D. W. (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship between Affect and Employee "Citizenship". The Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595. doi: 10.2307/255908
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological bulletin, 91(1), 3.
Bergeron, D. M. (2007). The Potential Paradox of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Good Citizens at What Cost? The Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1078-1095. doi: 10.2307/20159357
Bies, R. J., and Moag, J. F. (1986). Interactional
justice: Communication criteria of fairness (Vol. 1). Greenwich: JAI Press Inc.
Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and Impression Management: Good Soldiers or Good Actors? The Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 82-98. doi: 10.2307/259038
Bolino, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., Turnley, W. H., and Gilstrap, J. B. (2008). A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1080-1109.
Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., and Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 542-559.
Bolino, M. C., Long, D., and Turnley, W. (2016). Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 377-406.
Bolino, M. C., and Motowidlo, S. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. Personnel Selection in Organizations; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 71.
Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., and Niehoff, B. P. (2004). The other side of the story: Reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14(2), 229-246. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.05.004
Brief, A. P., and Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of management review, 11(4), 710-725.
Brouthers, K. D. (2002). Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance. Journal of international business studies, 33(2), 203-221.
Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R., and Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Quitting Before Leaving: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Attachment and Detachment on Voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 912-922.
Campbell, J. P. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance, and effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cialdini, R. B., and Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of image
management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 406-415.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
Conger, J. A. (1989). Leadership: The art of empowering others. The Academy of Management Executive, 3(1), 17-24.
Conger, J. A., and Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of management review, 13(3), 471-482.
Cummings, T. G., and Worley, C. G. (1993). Organization Development and Change: West Publishing Company.
Drew, S. A. W. (1997). From knowledge to action: the impact of benchmarking on organizational performance. Long range planning, 30(3), 325-441. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(97)00023-X
Folger, R., and Greenberg, J. (1985). Procedural justice: An interpretive analysis of personnel systems (K. M. Rowland and G. R. Ferris Eds. Vol. 3). Greenwich: JAI.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Graham, J. W. (1991). An essay on organizational citizenship behavior. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(4), 249-270. doi: 10.1007/bf01385031
Greenberg, J. (1993). The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Guilford, J. P. (1965). Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education: 4th Ed: McGraw-Hill.
Harris, K. J., Zivnuska, S., Kacmar, K. M., and Shaw, J. D. (2007). The Impact of Political Skill on Impression Management Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 278-285.
Harris, L. C. (2001). Market orientation and performance: objective and subjective empirical evidence from UK companies. Journal of Management studies, 38(1), 17-43.
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: its elementary forms: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183-202. doi: 10.1007/bf02289343
Jones, E. E., and Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self presentation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Kai Chi, Y., Fehr, R., and Barnes, C. M. (2014). Morning Employees Are Perceived as Better Employees: Employees' Start Times Influence Supervisor Performance Ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1288-1299. doi: 10.1037/a0037109
Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and Women of the Corporation: New Edition: Basic Books.
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131-146.
Katz, D., and Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations: Wiley.
Katz, D., and Kahn, R. L. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations: Wiley.
Kristof-Brown, A., Barrick, M. R., and Franke, M. (2002). Applicant impression management: Dispositional influences and consequences for recruiter perceptions of fit and similarity. Journal of Management, 28(1), 27-46.
Laschinger, H. K. S., and Havens, D. S. (1996). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice: conditions for work effectiveness. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(9), 27-35.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., and McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 391.
Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., and Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Procedures and Treatment on Work Relationships. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 738-748. doi: 10.2307/1556364
Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Do Fairness Perceptions Influence Employee Citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845-855.
Niehoff, B. P., and Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a Mediator of the Relationship between Methods of Monitoring and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527-556. doi: 10.2307/256591
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com.
Organ, D. W. (1988). A restatement of the satisfaction-performance hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-557.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., and MacKenzie, S. B. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences: Sage Publications.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., and Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Posdakoff, P. M., and MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Sales Unit Effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 351-363. doi: 10.2307/3152222
Posthuma, R. A., Morgeson, F. P., and Campion, M. A. (2002). Beyond Employment Interview Validity:: A Comprehesive Narrative Review Of Recent Reseach and Trends Over Time. Personnel Psychology, 55(1), 1-81.
Rioux, S. M., and Penner, L. A. (2001). The Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Motivational Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1306-1314.
Rolstadås, A. (1998). Enterprise performance measurement. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 18(9/10), 989-999.
Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., and Riordan, C. A. (1995). Impression management in organizations: Theory, measurement, practice: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Schlenker, B. R., and Weigold, M. F. (1992). Interpersonal processes involving
impression regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 133-168.
Schnake, M. (1991). Organizational citizenship: A review, proposed model, and research agenda. Human Relations, 44(7), 735-759.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., and Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Sohi, R. S. (1996). The effects of environmental dynamism and heterogeneity on salespeople’s role perceptions, performance and job satisfaction. European Journal of Marketing, 30(7), 49-67.
Spector, P. E. (2013). Introduction: The dark and light sides of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 540-541. doi: 10.1002/job.1846
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. doi: 10.2307/256865
Stevens, C. K., and Kristof, A. L. (1995). Making the Right Impression: A Field Study of Applicant Impression Management During Job Interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(5), 587-606.
Takeuchi, R., Bolino, M. C., and Lin, C.-C. (2015). Too many motives? The interactive effects of multiple motives on organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1239.
Tedeschi, J. T., and Melburg, B. (1984). Impression management and influence in the organization. Research in the sociology of organizations, 3, 31-58.
Thomas, K. W., and Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of management review, 15(4), 666-681.
Turnley, W. H., and Bolino, M. C. (2001). Achieving desired images while avoiding undesired images: Exploring the role of self-monitoring in impression management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 351-360. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.2.351
Venkatraman, N., and Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of management review, 11(4), 801-814.
Wayne, S. J., and Ferris, G. R. (1990). Influence Tactics, Affect, and Exchange Quality in Supervisor-Subordinate Interactions: A Laboratory Experiment and Field Study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 487-499.
Wayne, S. J., and Kacmar, K. M. (1991). The effects of impression management on the performance appraisal process. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 48(1), 70-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90006-F
Wayne, S. J., and Liden, R. C. (1995). Effects of Impression Management on Performance Ratings: A Longitudinal Study. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 232-260. doi: 10.2307/256734
Williams, L. J., and Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behavior. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617.
Yung Chou, S., and Lopez-Rodriguez, E. (2013). An empirical examination of service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of justice perceptions and manifest needs. Managing Service Quality, 23(6), 474-494.

附錄-研究問卷