近年來，導電高分子因其卓越的電化學特性和廣泛應用前景受到了高度關注。聚苯胺(PANI)尤為引人注目，因其高導電性、良好的電荷傳遞性能和優異的化學穩定性，被廣泛應用於電子元件、生物醫學和防腐材料等領域，如電致色變元件和超級電容器等。本研究旨在通過不同方法和材料修飾聚苯胺，以製備性能更佳的聚苯胺薄膜，提升其應用效果。我們利用循環伏安法、表面增強紅外光譜儀和掃描電子顯微鏡進行特性分析，並將最終結果應用於超級電容器和生物感測器中，以期取得更佳的應用效果。
研究結果顯示，TMSPA(N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline)的分子結構與聚苯胺相似，能夠充當類似活性點的角色，使苯胺能夠迅速聚合。當以FTO作為基板時，聚苯胺薄膜的電化學表現和電容特性最佳，其次是以TMSPA/FTO作為基板的聚苯胺薄膜，而以APTES(3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane)/FTO作為基板時表現最差。雖然PANI/APTES/FTO在電化學和電容行為中表現較差，但其均勻性在三者中最佳，且其聚合量相較其他薄膜較少，這意味著苯胺在該基材上較難成長。進一步研究表明，經矽烷表面改質的薄膜顯著改善了對尿素的感測性能。隨著尿素濃度的上升，電流密度顯著下降。APTES改質的電極具有更高的相關係數，顯示出更優異的感測性能。
在界面活性劑修飾聚苯胺薄膜的實驗中，界面活性劑的添加會影響聚苯胺的聚合量，並改變其內部結構的電子雲分布。表面形貌觀察結果顯示，SBS(Sodium benzenesulfonate)-PANI薄膜的均勻性最好，且聚合量明顯較多，這導致SBS-PANI薄膜具有最佳的電活性。相反，SDBS(Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate)添加的聚苯胺薄膜由於SDBS自組裝形成微胞並沉積在薄膜中，阻礙了聚苯胺的形成，導致其電化學和電容特性較差。
本研究最終將經修飾及改質的聚苯胺薄膜應用於超級電容元件和尿素感測器的實驗。聚苯胺薄膜具有良好的電化學性能，包括高比電容，這使其在電荷儲存應用中非常有效，且其表面可以通過各種化學修飾和改質，來提高其對特定分子的選擇性和靈敏度。例如，加入界面活性劑或矽烷化合物可以改變薄膜的表面特性，增強其感測性能。總結來說，本研究通過多種方法和材料對聚苯胺進行修飾，顯著改變了其在超級電容器和生物感測器中的應用潛力。尤其是經矽烷改質的聚苯胺薄膜，展示了更優異的感測性能。

In recent years, conductive polymers have gained significant attention due to their exceptional electrochemical properties and wide application prospects. Polyaniline stands out for its high conductivity, excellent charge transfer, and superior chemical stability, making it widely used in electronics, biomedicine, and anti-corrosion materials, such as electrochromic devices and supercapacitors. This study aims to enhance the performance of PANI films by modifying them with different methods and materials. We used cyclic voltammetry, surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy for characterization and applied the results to supercapacitors and biosensors for better application outcomes.
The results show that TMSPA (N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline) has a molecular structure similar to PANI, acting as an active site to facilitate rapid aniline polymerization. When FTO is used as the substrate, the PANI film exhibits the best electrochemical performance and capacitance, followed by TMSPA/FTO, with APTES (3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane)/FTO performing the worst. Despite its poor electrochemical and capacitive behavior, PANI/APTES/FTO has the best uniformity and the least polymerization, indicating difficulty in aniline growth on this substrate. Further studies show that silane-modified films significantly improve urea sensing performance, with current density decreasing as urea concentration increases. APTES-modified electrodes exhibit a higher correlation coefficient, indicating superior sensing performance.
In experiments with surfactant-modified PANI films, the addition of surfactants affects PANI polymerization and alters the electron cloud distribution within its structure. Surface morphology observations reveal that SBS (Sodium benzenesulfonate)-PANI films have the best uniformity and the highest polymerization, leading to optimal electroactivity. In contrast, SDBS (Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate)-PANI films perform poorly in electrochemical and capacitive properties due to SDBS micelle formation hindering PANI formation.
Ultimately, this study applies modified PANI films to supercapacitors and urea sensors. PANI films exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance, making them effective for charge storage applications. Their surfaces can be chemically modified to improve selectivity and sensitivity to specific molecules. For example, adding surfactants or silane compounds can alter surface properties to enhance sensing performance. In summary, this study significantly enhances PANI's potential in supercapacitors and biosensors through various modification methods, particularly highlighting the superior sensing performance of silane-modified PANI films.

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