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研究生: 周建志
Zhou, Yian-Zhi
論文名稱: 新型可規劃對數型數位層級感測器
A Novel Programmable Logarithmic Digital Pixel Sensor
指導教授: 賴源泰
Lai, Yen-tai
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2008
畢業學年度: 96
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 77
中文關鍵詞: 對數型數位層級感測器
外文關鍵詞: Logarithmic, Digital Pixel Sensor
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  • 近年來,許多文獻提出對數響應較符合人眼的特性,而影像感測器的動態範圍是為最大未飽和訊號和最小可偵測訊號的比值,在影像感測器中是一個重要的參數。因此具有高動態範圍並且具有對數響應的影像感測器是許多人研究的目標,然而為了完成以上的目標,往往須增加硬體複雜度。
    在本論文中,在數位畫素感測器的架構中,提出新的多重取樣方法,其畫素的輸出為數位的格式,所以使得畫素具有較高的讀取速度。此新的多重取樣方式具有高動態範圍、具有近似對數響應、降低硬體複雜度和高速取樣的能力的優點。本架構也提供了供使用者在不同的光照環境下選擇不同的模式,另外本論文也對多重取樣會產生的編碼遺失提出解決方法。

    Recently, many papers proposed the characteristic of the logarithmic output response was suitable to human eye’s sensitivity. Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest non-saturating signal to the smallest detectable signal, which is a critical figure of merit for image sensor. Hence the COMS image sensor which has high dynamic range and logarithmic output response are many people’s objectives. But in order to complete the above objectives, the complex of the hardware often increase.
    In this thesis, we propose a novel multiple sampling scheme based on the architecture of the digital pixel sensor (DPS). The output from the pixel is digital format. This will lead to very high readout speed. This novel sampling scheme has the advantages of high dynamic range, logarithmic output response, lower complexity of the hardware and high speed capturing simultaneously. The scheme also provides different modes for user in the varied environment. Besides this paper also bring up the solving method for miss-coding with multiple sampling.

    Chapter 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgroud 1 1.2 The Motivation 3 1.3 Organization of The Thesis 4 Chapter 2 5 General Concepts 2.1 Brief History of Image Sensors 5 2.2 Imaging System 7 2.3 Pixel Structures 9 2.3.1 Passive Pixel Sensor(PPS) 10 2.3.2 Active Pixel Sensor(APS) 11 2.3.3 Digital Pixel Sensor(DPS) 13 2.4 Parameters and Non-ideality of CMOS Image Sensor 14 Chapter 3 17 CMOS Digital Pixel Sensor 3.1 Nonlinear Characteristic 17 3.1.1 The Gamma Output Response 18 3.1.2 The Logarithmic Output Response 19 3.2 Digital Pixel Sensor’s Architecture 20 3.3 Summary 33 Chapter 4 34 A Novel Multiple Sampling Scheme 4.1 Design Concepts 34 4.1.1 Code error revision 45 4.1.2 Dynamic Range Estimation 49 4.2 Implementation 51 4.2.1 Pixel 55 4.2.2 Digital Control Circuit 57 4.3 Experimental Results 65 Chapter 5 74 Conclusions 74 References 75

    [1] Y.-C. Chuang, S.-F. Chen, S.-Y. Huang and Y.-C. King, “Low-Cost Logarithmic CMOS Image Sensing By Nonlinear Analog-To-Digital Conversion,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1212-1217, Nov. 2005.

    [2] S. Kavadias, B. Dierickx, D.Scheffer, A. Alaerts, D. Uwaerts and J. Bogaerts, “A Logarithmic Response CMOS Image Sensor with On-Chip Calibration,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 8, pp.1146-1152, 2000.

    [3] L.-W. Lai, C.-H. Lai and Y.-C. King, “A Novel Logarithmic Response CMOS Image Sensor with High Output Voltage Swing and In-Pixel Fixed-Pattern Noise Reduction,” IEEE Sensor Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 122-126, 2004.

    [4] Alistair Kitchen and Amine Bermak, “Time Domain Analogue to Digital Conversion in a Digital Pixel Sensor Array,” Proceedings of the Second IEEE international Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications(DELTA’04)28-30 Jan. 2004 Page(s):108 - 112

    [5] A. Kitchen, A. Bermark and A. Bouzerdoum, “A Digital Pixel Sensor Array with Programmable Dynamic Range,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2591-2601, Dec. 2005

    [6] Amine Bermak and Yat-Fong Yung, “A DPS array With Programmable Resolution and Reconfigurable Conversion Time,” IEEE transactions on very large scale intergration(VLSI)system, vol. 14, vo. 1, uanuary 2006 Jan. 2006 page(s):15 – 22

    [7] A. El Gamal and H. Eltoukhy, “CMOS IMAGE SENSORS,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 21, pp. 6-20, 2005.

    [8] Seogheon Ham and Yonghee Lee, “COMS Image Sensor with Analog Gamma Correction using Nonlinear Single-Slope ADC,” IEEE ISCAS 2006

    [9] D. Yang, A. El Gamal, B. Fowler and H. Tian, “A CMOS Image Sensor with Ultra Wide Dynamic Range Floating Point Pixel Level ADC,” ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Francisco, CA, February 1999

    [10] D. Yang, B. Fowler and A. El Gamal, “A Nyquist Rate Pixel Level ADC for CMOS Image Sensors,” IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuit, pp. 348-356, March 1999

    [11] S. Kleinfelder, S. H. Lim, X. Q. Liu and A. El. Gamal, “A 10,000 Frames/s CMOS Digital Sensor,” IEEE Journal of Solid Stage Circuits, Vol. 36, No. 12, December 2001

    [12] C.-H. Lai, Y.-C. King and S.-Y. Huang, “A 1.2-V 0.25μm Clock Output Pixel Architecture with Wide Dynamic Range and Self-Offset Cancellation,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 398-405, Apr. 2006.

    [13] A. Bermak, “A CMOS imager with PFM/PWM based analog-to-digital converter,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems, vol. 4, May 2002, pp. 53–56.

    [14] A. Kitchen, A. Bermak, and A. Bouzerdoum, “A PWM digital pixel sensor based on asynchronous self-resetting scheme,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 471–473, Jul. 2004.

    [15] J. Doge, G. Schonfelder, G. T. Streil, and A. Konig, “An HDR CMOS image sensor with spiking pixels, pixel-level ADC, and linear characteristics,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 155–158, Feb. 2002.

    [16] E. Culurciello, R. Etienne-Cummings, and K. A. Boahen, “A biomorphic digital image sensor,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 281–294, Feb. 2003.

    [17] D.H. Woo, C.H. Hwnag, Y.S. Lee and H.C. Lee, “Time-based pixel-level ADC with dynamic range for 2-D LWIR applications,” ELECTRONICS LETTERS 7th JULY 2005 Vol. 41 No. 14

    [18] D.Yang, A, El Gamal, “Comparative Analysis of SNR for Image Sensors with Widened Dynamic Range”. Proceeding of SPIE, volume 3649, San Jose. CA, February 1999

    [19] S. Bernard, F. Azaïs, Y. Bertrand and M. Renovell, “Analog BIST generator for ADC testing”. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI systems (DEF’01)

    [20] Amine Bermak, Alistair Kitchen, “A Novel Adaptive Logarithmic Digital Pixel Sensor”. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 18, NO. 20, OCTOBER 15, 2006

    [21] Jui-Yu chang, “Wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor with multiple samplimg”

    [22] Chia-Nan Yeh, “A Logarithmic Digital Pixel Sensor”

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