本研究旨在藉由實驗與數值模擬來探討泥質之動力特性，包含靜水中的沉降行為以及在不同水動力作用下波浪與底泥之交互作用。上述研究子題分別隸屬於泥質輸沙過程與分層流動力學。此外，由於泥質有高度黏滯性，表面波通過泥質底床數個波長後即發生顯著的能量消散。在沉降與波泥交互作用實驗中所使用的底質材料分別為現場的泥沙以及高嶺土。
在靜水沉降試驗中，我們將評估擾動擴散效應在泥質沉降中所扮演的角色。一般而言，擾動擴散是由於泥質在沉降過程中所引致的尾流、浮力與黏滯性所造成。在本研究中，我們用濃度函數來分別表示沉降速度與擴散係數，將其引入對流擴散方程式，並進一步利用實驗方法搭配最小二乘法來決定濃度函數中的係數。實驗結果指出沉降通量與擴散通量的大小對於泥值沉降有極大的影響性，其中擴散係數最大可達到水分子擴散的1萬倍，並且隨濃度變化。在對流方程式引入擴散項後，我們發現在沉降過程中所發現的泥水交界面或均勻沉降可以被完整的描述。
在波泥交互作用過程中，往往引起下層泥波的運動。根據過去的文獻，除了底泥黏滯性的影響外，泥波的運動可能進一步造成表面波衰減。本研究子題將進一步探討黏滯性作功與泥波運動對於表面波衰減之重要性。此外，泥波運動可能在某些表面波頻率作用下會發生共振現象，發生共振的與否將決定研究波泥交互作用時，選取不同的流變模式。本實驗在分層流體中進行，其中上層為清水而下層為完全液化且濃度均勻分布的泥層，搭配不同波高、週期與濃度來探討表面波衰減。流場可視化技巧與波高計分別量測內波與表面波的運動。實驗指出內波的振幅與相對水深成高度相關。另外，根據內波震盪的頻率與實驗觀察，泥波運動與表面波呈現同步運動。因此，表面波的衰減在本研究中將由黏滯性所主宰。
另一方面，我們應用上述的實驗並配合數值方法來探討由黏滯剪應力所造成的表面波衰減。根據流變分析，高嶺土呈現非牛頓流體，同時擁有賓漢流體與偽塑性等特性。此外，藉由量測泥層內之時序列流場剖面進一步分析，泥層內的剪應變在波浪作用下隨相位變化而大幅的變動。進一步結合剪應變與流變分析，反推出的時序列黏滯性之最大與最小值差異可達到10倍左右。然而，計算的剪應力僅在其平均值上下震幅25%。因此，波浪平均的剪應力可以藉由參數化分析來進一步推估表面波衰減。另一方面，採用牛頓流體之線性/非線性模式加以分析來與實驗結果比較。結果指出，當模式採用量測的黏滯性時，其模擬之表面波衰減整體為高估。然而當模式採用擬合表面波衰減之黏滯性時，泥層內的流場卻與實驗無法吻合。整體而言，實驗與模擬的差異在波浪能量較大時將會減少。研究也發現線性模式與非線性模式的差異在低波浪能量時變得較為顯著。據此，非牛頓流變可能放大波浪非線性的影響。一般而言，模式採用常數黏滯性只有在當波浪能量較大時才適用。

This dissertation aims at employing laboratory experiments and numerical modeling to investigate behavior of cohesive sediment, including sedimentation in static water and wave-mud interaction in a two layer system under different wave loadings. The first process is part of fine sediment transport, while the other belongs to wave hydrodynamic problem and usually accompanied with significant wave damping. Used sediments are in-situ sediment and pure kaoline, respectively.
For sedimentation, the main focusing is to evaluate how diffusion affects the settling of cohesive sediments. We calculate the settling velocity and diffusion coefficient using the complete advection-diffusion (A-D) equation, where concentration-dependent settling velocity and diffusion coefficients are introduced. In order to solve the A-D equation via least-squares method, a series of experiments were conducted with different suspended concentration. The experimental results indicate that the competition between settling flux and diffusive flux at various suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) can dramatically change the settling process. The diffusion coefficient can reach 102~104 times the molecular diffusion, which depends on the local concentration. Finally, the results reveal that suspensions of cohesive sediment can settle with one interface or no interface when diffusion is introduced, depending on the magnitude of the diffusive flux.
The generation of internal waves induced by surface wave in the fluid mud environment is examined via laboratory experiment in order to study its importance on surface wave damping. As wave propagates over soft muddy bottom, both viscous shear stress and interfacial motion contribute to energy dissipation. Moreover, identifying oscillatory mode of internal wave is critical on selecting suitable rheological model when study wave-mud interaction. A fully fluidized mud layer with a homogeneous concentration distribution is created to investigate the resulting energy dissipation for different wave heights, periods and mud densities. Visualization technique and wave gages were applied to measure interfacial motion and surface wave damping, respectively. Experimental results suggest that the induced interfacial amplitude depends mainly on the relative water depth, and the mode of internal oscillation was identified. Finally, based on the derived energy equation for two-layer system, we find that the surface wave damping caused by mud motion is minor.
On the other hand, wave attenuation caused by the work done by shear stress is investigated via laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Rheological behavior of kaoline exhibits hybrid properties of Bingham and pseudo-plastic fluid. Moreover, the measured time-dependent velocity profiles in the mud layer reveal that the shear rate under wave loading is highly phase-dependent. Measured shear rate and rheological data allow us to back-calculate the time-dependent viscosity of the mud layer under various wave loading, which is also shown to fluctuate up to one order of magnitude during one wave period. However, the resulting time-dependent bottom stress is shown to only fluctuate within 25% of its mean. Measured wave-averaged bottom stress is well-correlated with wave damping rate in the intermediate wave energy condition. Commonly adopted constant viscosity assumption is then evaluated via linear and nonlinear wave-mud interaction models. When driving the models with measured wave-averaged mud viscosity (forward modeling), wave damping rate is generally over-predicted for low wave energy condition. On the other hand, when a constant viscosity is chosen to match the observed wave damping rate (backward modeling), the predicted velocity profiles in the mud layer are not satisfactory and the corresponding viscosity is lower than the measured value. These discrepancies are less pronounced when waves become more energetic. Differences between the linear and nonlinear model results become significant in low energy condition, suggesting an amplification of wave nonlinear effect due to non-Newtonian rheology. In general, the constant viscosity assumption for modeling wave-mud interaction is only appropriate for more energetic wave condition

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