就風力發電發展趨勢而言，風力發電容量將會越來越高，然而風電輸出實功的波動會造成電力系統頻率變動，甚至引起不必要的誤動作，特別是小型獨立系統；為了使電力系統於安全及穩定下運轉，本文提出使雙饋式風機與風力發電廠具有平穩之實功輸出且兼具穩定運轉的架構，在單部雙饋式風機控制上採用定功率控制以達到平穩實功輸出；以改良型線性斜率控制使風機於低風速下保持穩定運轉。在風電廠控制上採用平均取樣功率與移動平均功率以平穩實功輸出。經由模擬驗證，顯示本文提出之控制架構能有效改善風能波動的情況。本論文另提出藉由風機降載操作模式產生功率餘裕的作法，以利大型風力發電廠設置初級備轉容量，對系統調度有新的選擇以因應偶發事故。

In the trend of wind power development, the capacity of wind energy is getting higher and higher. The fluctuation of output power from wind generators could cause frequency disturbance, which may lead to the unnecessary malfunctions especially in the small-scale isolated system. This thesis presents the strategies of smoothing real power output for the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and the DFIG wind farms. In the control of the DFIG wind turbine, this thesis proposes the modified linear slope control and constant power control to achieve both stable and smooth real power operation. While in the real power control of the DFIG wind farm, this thesis applies the periodical average method and the moving average method to achieve smoothing effect. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in real power smoothing control. In addition, this thesis also proposes the concept of using the de-load operation for the DFIGs to provide reserve margin, and which could be gainfully used to provide primary reserve by a large scale wind farm. The wind farm reserve will be a new selection ready for system contingency.

[1] T. Senjyu, R. Sakamoto, N. Urasaki, T. Funabashi, H. Fujita, H. Sekine, “Output Power Leveling of Wind Turbine Generator for All Operating Regions by Pitch Angle Control,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, Issue 2, Page(s):467 - 475, June 2006.
[2] Changling Luo, H.Golestani Far, H. Banakar, Pin-Kwan Keung, Boon-Teck Ooi, “Estimation of Wind Penetration as Limited by Frequency Deviation,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, Issue 3, Page(s):783-791, September 2007.
[3] L. Ran, J.R. Bumby, P.J. Tavner, “Use of Turbine Inertia for Power Smoothing of Wind Turbines with a DFIG,” 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 106-111, September 2004.
[4] N. Horiuchi, T. Kawahito, “Torque and Power Limitations of Variable Speed Wind Turbines Using Pitch Control and Generator Power Control,” Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol.1, Page(s):638-643, July 2001.

[5] E. Muljadi, C.P. Butterfield, “Pitch-Controlled Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1942-1950, January/February 2001.
[6] Changling Luo, H. Banakar, Shen Baike, Boon-Teck Ooi , “Strategies to Smooth Wind Power Fluctuations of Wind Turbine Generator,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s):341-349, June 2007.

[7] R. Cardenas, R. Pena, G. Asher and J. Clare “Control Strategies of Enhanced Power Smoothing in Wind Energy Systems Using a Flywheel Driven by Vector Controlled Induction Machine,” IEEE Trans. Indus. Electron., vol: 48, pp. 625–635, 2001.
[8] 藍偉庭，“2007年全球風力發電產業綜覽,” 機械工業雜誌第295期，民國九十六年十月。
[9] Le-Ren Chang-Chien, I-Chieh Chu, “Utilizing Local Customer’s Regulation Control Error in Bilateral Regulation Service,” Proceedings of the 15th Power Systems Computation Conference, August 2005.
[10] 羅建昇， 應用系統控制誤差演算法於頻率調節服務的效能評估及成本量化基準，國立成功大學碩士論文， 民國九十四年六月。
[11] 許志義、王大成，電力輔助服務市場之探討，經濟情勢暨評論第五卷第四期，128-138頁，民國89年3月。
[12] K. Bhattacharya and J. Zhong, “Reactive Power as an Ancillary Service,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 294-300, May 2001.
[13] N. Chowdury and R. Billinton, “A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes – Spinning Reserve Studies in Isolated and Interconnected Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 6, No.4, pp. 1578-1583, February 2004.
[14] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA, 2002.
[15] J. J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson Jr. , Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA, 1994.
[16] R. Bergen, Power Systems Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Hew Jersey, USA, 1996.
[17] C. A. Gross, Power System Analysis, Wiley, New York, USA, 1986.
[18] 陳躬耕，“自動發電控制功能的解析與操作,” 台電工程月刊，第504期，民國79年8月。
[19] 陳躬耕，“電力供需平衡供需機制,” 電機月刊，第151期，民國92年7月。
[20] T. Kaneko, T. Senjyu, A. Yona, M. Datta, T. Funabashi, Chul-Hwan Kim, “Output Power Coordination Control for Wind Farm in Small Power System,” IEEE Conference Proceeding, pp.1-6, November 2007.
[21] Le-Ren Chang-Chien, Chien-Sheng Lo, Ko-Shien Lee, “Application of ANN-SCE model on the evaluation of automatic generation control performance,” Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Energy and Power Systems, pp. 121-126, April 2005.
[22] Le-Ren Chang-Chien, N. Hoonchareon, C. M. Ong, R. A. Kramer, “Estimation of B for Adaptive Frequency Bias Setting in Load Frequency Control,” IEEE Transactions on Power System. , Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 904-911, May 2003.
[23] N. B. Hoonchateon, C. M. Ong and R. A. Kramer, “Feasibility of Decomposing to Identify the Impact of Selected Loads on CPS1 and CPS2,” IEEE Transactions on Power System. , Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 751-756, May 2003.
[24] 羅建昇、李科賢、張簡樂仁、林胤均，“應用類神經網路演算法於頻率調節服務的效能評估及成本量化基準,” 第二十六屆電力工程研討會，2005年12月，中壢。
[25] 羅建昇、張簡樂仁，“利用系統控制誤差演算法於自動發電控制的效能評估,” 第二十五屆電力工程研討會，2004年11月，台南。
[26] 張簡樂仁、朱毅傑，“應用局部區域-10 估測法於電力輔助服務，” 第二十五屆電力工程研討會，2004年11月，台南。
[27] 林胤均，因應獨立型電力系統的即時偶發事故備載規劃，國立成大學電機工程學系碩士論文，民國95年6月。
[28] Edwin K. P. Chong and Stanislaw H. Zak, An Introduction to Optimization, Second Edition, John Willey & Sons, New York, USA,1996.
[29] Steven J. Leon, Linear Algebra with Applications 6/e, New York, USA, 2002.
[30] Laurene V. Fausett, Applied Numerical Analysis Using MATLAB, Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey, 1999.
[31] N. B. Hoonchateon, Feasibility of Decomposing One-Minute Average Area Control Error for Apportioning Load-Frequency Regulation Costs, Ph. D. dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2000.
[32] N. B. Hoonchateon, C. M. Ong and R. A. Kramer, “Implementation of an ACE Decomposition Method,” IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 17, pp. 757-761, August 2002.
[33] Alan Mullane, Mark O’Malley, “The Inertial Response of Induction-Machine-Based Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 20, pp. 1496-1503, August 2005.
[34] 洪志旻，以雙饋式風機之頻率響應模型改善系統頻率之運轉,國立成功大學碩士論文，民國九十六年六月。
[35] C. M. Ong, Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery Using MATLAB/SIMULINK, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA, 1998.
[36] R.G. de Almeida, E.D. Castronuovo, J.A.P. Lopes, “Optimum Generation Control in Wind Parks When Carrying Out System Operator Requests,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21,No. 2, pp. 718-725, May 2005.
[37] Abo Khalil, A.G, Dong Choon Lee, Se-Hyun Lee, “Grid Connection of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in Wind Energy Conversion System,” Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IPEMC, CES/IEEE 5th International, Vol. 3, Page(s):1-5, Aug. 2006.
[38] 桂人傑，“變速風機之控制系統,”精密製造與新興能源機械技術專輯，機械工業雜誌，民國九十五年五月。
[39] S. Muller, M. Deicke, Rik W, De Doncker, “Doubly-Fed Induction Generators System for Wind Turbines,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol. 8, Page(s) : 26-33, May 2002.

[40] 尹耀慶、張簡樂仁，“改良式線性斜率法以平穩雙饋式風機之實功率輸出,”第二屆台灣風能學術研討會，2007年12月，台北市。
[41] Siegfried Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Wiley, 1998.
[42] Bimal K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice Hall PTR, 2001.
[43] 劉昌煥，交流電機控制向量控制與直接轉矩控制原理, 第三版,東華書局，2005。
[44] General Electric Company, 1.5MW Series WTG System Summaries, 2002.
[45] Ming Yin, Gengyin Li, Ming Zhou, Guoping Liu, Chengyong Zhao, “Study on The Control of DFIG and Its Responses to Grid Disturbances,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 18-22, June 2006.
[46] Poller, M.A, “Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Models for Stability Assessment of Wind Farms,” IEEE Power Tech Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, pp. 23-26, June 2003.

[47] R. Sakamoto, T. Senjyu, N. Urasaki, T. Funabashi, H. Fujita, H. Sekine, “Output Power Leveling of Wind Turbine Generators Using Pitch Angle Control for All Operating Regions in Wind Farm,” IEEE Conference Proceeding, Vol. 1, pp. 6-10, November 2005.
[48] A. Schick, W. Wefelmeyer, “Prediction in Moving Average Processes,” Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, Vo. 138, Issue 3, Pages 694-707, March 2008.
[49] Zhengyan Lin, Degui Li, “Strong Approximation for Moving Average Processes Under Dependence Assumptions,” Acta Mathematicl Scientia, Vol. 28, Issue 1, Pages 217-224, January 2008
[50] The Mathworks, DSP Blockset for Use with Simulink , Version 5, July 2002.
[51] L.-R. Chang-Chien, C.-M. Hung, Y.-C. Yin, “Dynamic Reserve Allocation for System Contingency by DFIG Wind Farm,” IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 23, Issue 2, Page(s):729-736, May 2008.
[52] Xinyan Zhang, Weiqing Wang , Ye Liu, Jing Cheng , “Fuzzy Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine,” IEEE Conference Proceeding, Vol. 1, Page(s):3872–3876, 2006.
[53] C.L. Chen, “Optimal Wind–Thermal Generating Unit Commitment,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Page(s):273-280, March 2008.
[54] 資料來源：http://www.taipower.com.tw/
[55] 吳進忠，獨立電力系統合理備轉容量規劃與調度之研究，國立台灣科技大學電資學院電機工程系博士論文，民國九十二年七月。
[56] C. C. Wu and N. Chen, “A Study of Operation Standards for Frequency Control and Spinning Reserve Scheduling for Isolated Power Systems,” 22th Power Engineering Symposium, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R. O. C. , pp. 591-595, 2001.
[57] C. C. Wu and N. Chen, “Frequency-based Method for Fast-Response Reserve Dispatch in Isolated Power Systems,” IEE Proc. Gener. Trans. Distrib. , Vol. 151, No. 1, pp. 73-77, 2004.
[58] C. C. Wu and N. Chen, “Online Methodology to Determine Reasonable Spinning Reserve Requirement for Isolated Power Systems,” IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 150, pp. 455-461, 2003.
[59] L.M. Fernández, C.A. García, F. Jurado, J. R. Saenz, “Control System of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Based Wind Turbines with Production Limits,” IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives, pp. 1936-1947, May 2005.
[60] G. Lalor, J. Ritchie, S. Rourke, D. Flynn, M.J. O'Malley, “Dynamic Frequency Control with Increasing Wind Generation,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol. 2, pp. 1715-1720, June 2004.
[61] Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals 3/E, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
[62] I. Cadirci, M. Ermis, “Double-Output Induction Generator Operating at Sub-synchronous and Super-synchronous Speeds,” IEE Proceedings- Electric Power Applications, Vol. 139, No. 5, pp. 429-442, September 1992.
[63] 張智星，MATLAB程式設計，清蔚科技股份有限公司、鈦思科技股份有限公司，民國九十三年九月。