軟組織的機械特性是與疾病病理相關的有效生物指標。目前已經開發了幾種超音波彈性成像技術來測量軟組織的彈性。剪切波彈性成像技術是用於臨床診斷定量測量組織彈性最常用的方法。剪切波彈性成像技術(Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging, SWEI)基於產生剪切波和量測剪切波的傳遞速度(Shear Wave Velocity, SWV)來進行彈性成像。然而，測量淺薄組織的彈性（厚度在數百微米至幾毫米的範圍內）仍然具有挑戰。迄今為止，大多數超音波彈性成像技術的基本理論都是基於如乳房，肝臟，腎臟等尺寸較大的組織所發展的。當剪切波在淺薄組織中傳播時，剪切波會因邊界條件而發生波傳播模式的改變。因此，由於空間分辨率不足和不適當的波傳播模型，當前的超音波彈性成像技術無法用於測量淺薄組織。
有鑒於此，本論文的目的是發展剪切波的方法來準確地估計淺薄組織的機械性能。為了實現這一個目標，我們首先提出了一種雙陣元超音波換能器的概念，利用低頻陣元產生超音波聲音輻射力(Acoustic Radiation Force, ARF)並且利用利用高頻陣元來量測組織的動態響應，從而可以克服超音波彈性影像在低頻空間分辨率不足的問題以及利用高頻超音波產生聲輻射力衰減較大的問題。一個基於雙元素換能器的（包含用於產生超音波聲輻射力的8 MHz陣元和用於彈性成像的的32 MHz陣元）的高分辨率剪切波成像（High-Resolution Shear Wave Imaging, HR-SWI）技術被成功發展用於測量人類角膜的剪切波群波速。為了量測到角膜的準確楊氏係數，一個經驗楊氏模量公式用於將剪切波群波速準確地轉換為楊氏係數。為了測試HR-SWI的效能，利用了兩種不同濃度的明膠仿體（3％和7％），來量測四個定量成像參數，即偏差，分辨率，對比度和對比度與噪聲比（CNR）。根據實驗結果，明膠仿體的偏差（3％和7％）分別為5.88％和0.78％。兩側和兩層體模的對比度和CNR分別為0.76、1.31和3.22、2.43。 HR-SWI在橫向和軸向的實際空間分辨率分別為72和140 µm。在人類角膜實驗當中，六個人類捐贈角膜量測到的剪切波相波速及其相應的楊氏模量分別為2.45±0.48 m/s（1600 Hz）和11.52±7.81 kPa。所有實驗結果驗證了HR-SWI的概念及其測量人角膜彈性的能力。
為了評估人類手腱的機械性能，我們提出了一種高頻超音波彈性成像系統(High-Frequency Ultrasound Shear Elastography, HFUSE)來測量手腱的剪切波速度。HFUSE使用外部振動器在手腱上產生剪切波並且使用一個具有超快速超音波成像技術的40 MHz高頻超音波陣列換能器來測量剪切波速度，以表徵手部肌腱的彈性。這種同時結合了換能器和振動器的手持式設備允許使用者簡易的掃描手部肌建組織。在明膠仿體實驗當中，測量了高頻超音波彈性成像技術的偏差，與標準機械測試的方法相比，其偏差小於6％。人體實驗也表明，使用高頻超音波彈性成像技術可以區分手部不同肌腱的剪切波速度。指淺屈腱（FDS）和指深屈腱（FDP）的剪切波波速分別為0.73±0.65 m/s和1±0.54 m/s。在拉伸和收縮條件下，伸指肌腱的剪切波波速分別為0.52±0.14 m/s和4.02±0.77 m/s。高頻超音波彈性成像系統用於測量手腱硬度的簡便性使其成為評估手部嚴重程度和手部受傷後康復能力的有前途的工具。
為了要準確確定手腱受傷後康復性能。基於時間飛行演算法（TOF）的方法用於重建高解析度二維剪切波波速影像。明膠仿體用於測量高解析度二維剪切波波速成像技術的性能，並進行了參數分析，包括偏差，精度，分辨率，對比度，對比度與噪聲比（CNR）和準確性。在人體實驗當中，對四名完成了屈指肌腱手術並且至少接受了三個月康復療程的病患進行了量測。量測的部位為健康和受傷手的中指屈指肌腱。最後，對來自四名患者的健康手和受傷手的局部剪切波波速影像進行了測量。所有的實驗結果表明，使用高解析度二維剪切波波速成像技術評估屈指肌腱損傷後康復效能的潛力。
在本論文當中，提出了一種高分辨率的剪切波彈性成像技術，並利用高頻超音波換能器來實現。 這種成像方法可以提供淺薄組織的剪切波速度和對應的二維剪切波速度圖。 首先驗證了使用雙元件超音波換能器驗證提高彈性影像空間分辨率的可行性。 為了將高分辨率的剪切波彈性成像技術轉化為人體實驗，我們開發了一種特殊的高頻超音波振動系統來測量手腱的剪切波速度，並進一步應用於手腱損傷。 所有結果表明，使用高頻超音波是開發高分辨率切波彈性成像技術以測量淺薄組織機械性能的有效解決方案，並且能夠在臨床診斷中顯示出廣闊的前景。

The mechanical properties of soft tissues are effective biomarkers related to the pathology of the disease. Several ultrasonic elastography techniques have been developed to measure the elasticity of soft tissues. Shear wave elasticity imaging is the most common approach for measuring the quantitative elasticity for clinical diagnosis. Shear wave elasticity imaging is based on the generation of shear waves and the measurement of shear wave propagation speed. However, measuring the elasticity of superficial tissues (thickness is a range of hundreds of micrometers to few millimeters) remains challenging. To date, the fundamental theory of most ultrasound elastography techniques is based on bully tissues such as breast, liver, kidney. When shear waves propagate in superficial tissues, the propagation mode of shear waves changes therefore current ultrasound elastography techniques are unable to measure the superficial tissues due to insufficient spatial resolution and an inappropriate wave propagation model.
The goal of the present thesis aims to accurately estimate the mechanical properties of superficial tissues by using shear wave approach. To achieve this goal, a concept of dual-element ultrasound transducer was proposed to create an ARF with lower-frequency ultrasound and detect tissue dynamic response with high-frequency ultrasound, which can overcome the spatial resolution issue in low-frequency ultrasound and the shear wave attenuation issue in high-frequency ultrasound. A high-resolution shear wave imaging (HR-SWI) method based on a dual-element transducer (comprising an 8-MHz element for pushing and a 32-MHz element for imaging) was used to measure the group shear wave velocity (GSWV) of the human cornea. An empirical Young’s modulus formula was used to accurately convert the GSWS to Young’s modulus. Four quantitative imaging parameters, bias, resolution, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), were measured in gelatin phantoms with two different concentrations (3% and 7%) to evaluate the performance of HR-SWI. The biases of gelatin phantoms (3% and 7%) were 5.88% and 0.78%, respectively. The contrast and CNR were 0.76, 1.31 and 3.22, 2.43 for the two-side and two-layer phantoms, respectively. The measured image resolutions of HR-SWI in the lateral and axial directions were 72 and 140 µm, respectively. The calculated phase shear wave velocity and their corresponding Young’s modulus from six human donors were 2.45 ± 0.48 m/s (1600 Hz) and 11.52 ± 7.81 kPa, respectively. All the experimental results validated the concept of HR-SWI and its ability for measuring the human corneal elasticity.
To assess the mechanical properties of hand tendons in vivo, a high-frequency ultrasound elastography system was proposed for measuring the shear wave velocities of hand tendons. The high-frequency ultrasound elastography system used an external vibrator to create shear waves on hand tendons. It then used a 40-MHz high-frequency ultrasound array transducer with ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology to measure the shear wave velocities for characterizing hand tendons. A handheld device that combines a transducer and a vibrator allows the user to scan hand tissues. The biases of high-frequency ultrasound elastography were measured in gelatin phantom experiments and the biases are less than 6% compared to standard mechanical testing approach. Human experiments showed the ability of using high-frequency ultrasound elastography to distinguish different shear wave velocities of hand tendons. The SWVs were 0.73±0.65 m/s and 1±0.54 m/s for flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), respectively, and 0.52±0.14 m/s and 4.02±0.77 m/s for extensor tendon under stretch and contraction conditions, respectively. The simplicity and convenience of the high-frequency ultrasound elastography system for measuring the hand tendon stiffness makes it a promising tool for evaluating the severity of hand injuries and performance of rehabilitation after hand injuries.
To accurately determine the rehabilitation performance of hand tendons after hand injuries. A special vibration system was designed to combinate an external vibrator and a 40-MHz high-frequency ultrasound transducer to continuously vibrate and detect the shear wave in flexor tendons synchronously. A time-of-flight (TOF) based method was used to reconstruct a 2-D SWV image. Gelatin phantoms were used to measure the performance of 2-D HFUSE, and a parametric analysis was performed, including bias, precision, resolution, contrast, contrast-to-noise (CNR), and accuracy. Human experiments were performed on four patients who have finished flexor tendon surgery and underwent rehabilitation at least three months; both the flexor tendons of the middle finger from healthy and injured hands were measured. Finally, regional SWV images of both healthy and injured hands from four patients were measured. All the experimental results showed the potential of using 2-D HFUSE as an evaluation tool for rehabilitation after flexor tendon injuries.
In the thesis, a high-resolution shear wave elastography technique was proposed and implemented using high-frequency ultrasound transducers. This imaging methodology can provide shear wave velocities and shear wave velocity mapping of superficial tissues. The feasibility of using a dual-element transducer to improve the spatial resolution is firstly validated. In order to translate high-resolution shear wave elastography to in vivo application, a special high-frequency ultrasound vibration system was prosed to measure the shear wave velocities of hand tendons and further applied in hand tendon injures. All results indicated that the use of high-frequency ultrasound is an efficient solution for developing high-resolution shear wave elastography to measure the mechanical properties of superficial tissues and demonstrates a promising future for improving diagnoses in clinical applications.

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