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研究生：	林虹君 Lin, Hung-Chun
論文名稱：	二期作系統下有機與傳統稻米生產之比較 Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Rice Production with Dual Cropping System
指導教授：	福島康裕 Yasuhiro Fukushima
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	101
中文關鍵詞：	生命週期評估、有機農業、傳統農業、稻米、二期作系統
外文關鍵詞：	Life cycle assessment, rice, organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, dual cropping season
相關次數：	點閱：109 下載：7
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稻米為世界第三大糧食，更是許多亞洲國家人民的主食。然而，至今對稻米工業與全球及地區環境相關的影響仍未得到相對廣泛之討論。本研究在全球暖化潛勢、水資源與能源之消耗、以及收益四個面向，以台灣水稻田為案例，運用生命週期評估之方法，對二期作系統下有機與傳統稻米的生產進行分析並提出建議。
結果顯示，每產生一公斤白米，傳統農法較有機農法釋放出較少量之溫室氣體、消耗較少水資源，但需要較多能源：位於台南市後壁區，以傳統農法耕作的稻田，其在第一期稻作、第二期稻作、及一整年之溫室氣體釋放量為1.21、2.73、及1.85公斤二氧化碳當量；水資源消耗量為2.0、3.1、及2.5立方公尺；能源消耗量為12.71、16.53、及14.31百萬焦耳。位於花蓮縣富里鄉羅山村，以有機農法耕作的稻田，其在第一期稻作、第二期稻作、及一整年之溫室氣體釋放量為1.86、2.19、及2.02公斤二氧化碳當量；水資源消耗量為2.7、3.1、及2.9立方公尺；能源消耗量為5.15、5.20、及5.19百萬焦耳。由於產量較高，傳統農法同時也為農民帶來較高收入：位於後壁區，施行傳統農法的農民，在耕種一公頃的情況下，年淨收入為144,140新台幣；位於羅山村，施行有機農法的農民，在相同的面積下，淨年收入則為84,978新台幣。
由於本研究所參訪的傳統與有機稻田位於不同產區，以致此二者間之不同結果亦受到農法以外的因素──例如地形以及當地氣候──所影響。在以施行傳統農法之稻田的背景條件對施行有機農法之稻田做調整後，溫室氣體排放、水資源消耗、及能源消耗此三項的結果，變為皆是有機農法所帶來的影響較大；淨年收入則仍為施行傳統農法的農民較高。
本研究並未針對其他有機耕作方法相關的優點，例如增進農作物品質、以及降低化學合成物於土地上的殘留做出評估；這些優點帶來的影響亦有可能較其所帶來的環境衝擊重要。因此，欲完全呈現有機與傳統稻米生產對環境相關影響的差異，未來研究應就更多不同面向做討論，以提出更完善之結論與建議。且在確保相同稻米品質的前提下，做為案例研究的稻田最好位於同一個產區，且由同一位農民所耕作，以去除其他因素所可能帶來的影響。

Rice is one of the main starch sources for populations around the world, especially in many of the Asian countries. However, its global and local environmental implications are not discussed comprehensively. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate the global warming potential, water and energy consumption, and financial flow of organic and conventional rice production with dual cropping system, based on case studies in Taiwan.
The results show that for producing 1 kg rice, conventional farming method generates less greenhouse gases emission, and water consumption, but more energy consumption than the organic one: for conventional farms in Houbi District, Tainan City it is 1.21, 2.73, and 1.85 kg-CO2 equiv. GHGs emission; 2.0, 3.1, and 2.5 m3 water consumption; and 12.71, 16.53, and 14.31 MJ energy consumption for the 1st CS, 2nd CS, and annual emission, respectively. For organic farms in Luoshan Village, Fuli Township Hualien County it is 1.86, 2.19, and 2.02 kg-CO2 equiv. GHGs emission; 2.7, 3.1, and 2.9 m3 water consumption; and 5.15, 5.20, and 5.19 MJ energy consumption for the 1st CS, 2nd CS, and annual emission, respectively. Conventional farming method also brings more income for farmers compares with the organic method due to the higher rice yield. The annual net incomes are 144,140 and 84,978 NTD for conventional farms in Houbi and organic farms in Luoshan, respectively, with 10 fen paddy.
However, some of the differences of the results between conventional and organic rice production is caused by other factors, such as geographic condition and local climate but not farming method itself, since the visited conventional and organic farms are located in different region. After adjusting the results of organic farms with the same condition of conventional farms, it becomes that all the GHGs emission, water and energy consumption are more for the organic rice production than the conventional one; and the net income of conventional rice cultivation is still more than the organic one.
Other advantages usually associated with organic farming such as improving the quality of food and reduce the negative influences of chemical residue are not evaluated in this study. The benefit of organic farming brought from those advantages could be more important than the impacts. Therefore, more studies working on evaluating the difference between organic and conventional farming under different aspects is suggested, in order to show the whole picture of the influence of organic agriculture compared with the conventional one. With the same quality of rice, the visited farms should located in the same region, and even be better if they are running by the same farmer, in order to eliminate the differences caused by other factors.

Abstract ..................................... i
Chinese Abstract ............................. iii
Acknowledgment ............................v
Table of Contents ............................ vii
Figure Index ................................ ix
Table Index .................................. xi
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................1
1 Preface ...........................1
2 Motivation ....................................2
3 Objective ..................................3
4 Definition of comparison ........................3
Chapter 2 Overview of Rice Industry ...............4
1 Rice production in Taiwan.........................4
1.1 At farms ...................................4
1.2 At factories ..................................5
1.3 Situation ...................................5
2 Rice production in the world .......................9
3 Organic production ...................................11
Chapter 3 Case Study ........................12
1 Conventional farms ...............................12
2 Organic farms .......................................15
3 Seedling company .........................19
4 Mill factory .....................................20
Chapter 4 Methodology ...............................21
1 LCA Methodology ................................21
1.1 Goal and scope definition....................24
1.2 Life cycle inventory ...........................27
2 Conventional farms ...........................29
2.1 Field operation and machinery ....................29
2.2 Chemicals .......................................31
2.3 Seedlings ........................34
2.4 Irrigation ...............................34
2.5 Rice paddy .................................35
2.6 Drying and refinery ...................41
3 Organic farms ..............................42
3.1 Field operation and machinery, and drying and refinery....42
3.2 Organic compounds ................................42
3.3 Seedlings .....................................43
3.4 Irrigation ......................................43
3.5 Rice paddy .....................................43
4 Financial flow ............................48
Chapter 5 Results and Discussion ...............53
1 Conventional Farms ......................53
1.1 Rice cultivation ................................53
1.2 Rice production ........................59
2 Organic Farms ......................................61
2.1 Rice cultivation .................................61
2.2 Rice production ...................................67
3 Comparisons ........................69
3.1 GHGs emission ..........................69
3.2 Water consumption ......................75
3.3 Energy consumption ....................79
3.4 Financial flow .............................83
3.5 Comparison between fallow and non-fallow periods ..........85
Chapter 6 Conclusion ..............................89
References ...................................92
Appendix ................................ 100
                                    

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校外：2012-07-06公開

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