在排球比賽中，扣球得分較佳的球隊通常在比賽中也能取得相對優勢，在扣球動作中，速度扮演一個很重要的角色，速度的重點在於適應神經肌肉系統的內在動力學去產生更快的動作，也就是爆發力。針對運動員若進行動作速度較慢的阻力訓練，無額外加入專項訓練則無法改善已具有基礎肌力選手的揮臂速度，而專項訓練是藉由與比賽動作技術相似的概念及肌肉收縮的力量-速度原則來設計，因此本研究將以與排球相似形狀的藥球進行上肢增強式訓練。
目的：探討十週上肢藥球增強式訓練對高中優秀排球選手肩、肘關節在低速 (60°/s)及高速 (300°/s)下等速向心肌力與扣球速度的影響。
方法：本實驗以26名高中聯賽甲組排球隊選手為受測者 (平均年齡15.8 ±0.9歲)，分為實驗組與控制組 (各13人)，實驗組除了平時專項訓練外，並額外進行十週、每週2次上肢藥球增強式訓練 (包含5個訓練動作，各執行2組，每組15次)，在訓練前、後測量受測者肩關節及肘關節屈曲、伸展在低速 (60°/s)及高速 (300°/s)下，等速肌力參數 (最大力矩、相對體重最大力矩、達最大力矩時間、瞬間加速力矩時間、總作功量和平均功率)及扣球速度依之改變情形。本研究以單因子共變量分析 (one-way ANCOVA)扣球速度前、後測之差異，以前測做為共變數；以二因子共變數分析 (two-way ANCOVA)分析肩、肘關節各依變項後測在組別和角速度間的交互作用，並以前測作為共變量，若交互作用達顯著，則使用獨立樣本t檢定進行單純主要效果檢驗。
結果：經十週上肢藥球增強式訓練後，在扣球速度中，實驗組改變量 (15%)顯著高於控制組 (2%)(p=.004)。肩關節屈曲的總作功量在兩組間於低角速度後測中，增強式訓練組 (11.36%)較控制組 (-7.18%)顯著進步 (p=.012)；在肩關節伸展動作，兩組間於低角速度後測中增強式訓練組較控制組顯著進步的等速肌力參數有最大力矩 (6.1%)(-10%)(p<.001)、相對體重最大力矩 (6.63%)(-9.98%)(p<.001)、達最大力矩時間 (45.13%)(-24.65%)(p<.001)、總作功量 (7.85%)(-44.13%)(p<.001)；於高角速度則是在相對體重最大力矩 (1.59%)(24.5%)(p=.009)也有相同的情形；肘關節伸展在所有參數於組間和角速度間皆未達顯著交互作用；肘關節屈曲的達最大力矩時間在兩組間於低角速度後測中，增強式訓練組 (-21.12%)較控制組 (54.05%)顯著進步(p=.017)。
結論：經過十週上肢藥球增強式訓練後，不論對排球運動員在實際運動表現中的扣球速度帶來正面效益之外，對於低角速度肩關節的肌肉力量、肌耐力、爆發力和肘關節的肌肉力量也具有幫助。

Background: Spike effectiveness is a very important determinant element in volleyball and to produce a strong spike is characterized by high ball velocity. Specific sport training is designed by the motor which is similar to competition and the principle in muscular power. Plyometric training was aimed at combining strength with speed of movement to improve power production.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ten weeks of plyometric training using a medicine ball for upper extremity at low angular velocity(60°/s) and high angular velocity(300°/s) of the shoulder and elbow isokinetic strength and spike speed in adolescent male volleyball players.
Methods: Twenty-six elite male volleyball players (age: 15.8± 0.9yrs) were assigned to either an experienced group (EX, n=13), or a control group (CON, n=13). The experienced group engaged in a progressive program consisting of 5 exercises for 2 sets *15 reps medicine ball plyometric training per sessions, twice-a-week for 10 weeks under supervision. Shoulder and elbow flexion and extension at low speed of 60°/s and 300°/s, isokinetic strength (peak torque(PT), peak torque/body weight(PT/BW), total work(TW), average power(AP), time rate of tension development(TRTD), time to peak torque(TPT)), and spike speed test were evaluated before and after 10 weeks plyometric training. An independent sample t-test was used to determine the differences in the baseline data. One-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the differences of spike speed. A two-way (“group’’ x “angular velocity’’) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine whether there is an interaction effect between group and angular velocity on shoulder and elbow. Simple interaction effect was determined by the independent sample t-test.
Results：The spike speed of experienced group (15%) was significant improvement than control group (2%) (p<.05). In isokinetic strength performance, there were not significant interaction effects in the variables of joint motion during shoulder flexion. However, in total work at 60°/s, the experienced group (11.36%) was significant improvement than control group (7.18%) (p<.05). There were significant improvement in the factors of joint motion including the peak torque (PT)(EX 6.1% vs. CON-10%)(p<.001), peak torque/body weight (PT/BW)(EX 6.63% vs. CON -9.98%)(p<.001), time to peak torque (TPT)(EX 45.13% vs. CON -24.05%)(p<.001), total work (TW)(EX 7.85% vs. CON -44.13%)(p<.001) at 60°/s and in peak torque/body weight (PT/BW) (EX 1.59% vs. CON 24.5%)(p=.009)at 300°/s during shoulder extension. In terms of isokinetic strength in elbow extension, no significant interaction effects were observed in any parameter at either 60°/s or 300°/s. In time to peak torque (TPT) was significant shorter of EX group (-21.12%) than CON group (54.05%) at 60°/s (p=.017).
Conclusion: After ten weeks plyometric training of upper extremity which motion was similar action as game technical in strength and muscle contraction mode using medicine ball same as volleyball similar shape. This stretch-shortening cycle kinematic training can enhance the ability of arm swing arm for volleyball players. Not only the positive benefits of volleyball players on spike speed and athletic performance, but also help muscle strength, muscle endurance, power of shoulder and muscle strength of elbow in the lower angular velocity of isokinetic strength. However, considering the goal is to improve power at high speed during isokinetic test, it is necessary to consider the speed principle of plyometric training interventions.

Abendroth-Smith, J., & Kras, J. (1999). More B-BOAT: The Volleyball Spike: Bump Set Spike! Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 70(3), 56-59.
Alfredson, H., Pietilä, T., & Lorentzon, R. (1998). Concentric and eccentric shoulder and elbow muscle strength in female volleyball players and non‐active females. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 8(5), 265-270.
Allen Hedrick, M. (2007). Training for high level performance in women's collegiate volleyball: Part I training requirements. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 29(6), 50.
Baechle, T., & Brennan, S. (2002). Strength and power for young athletes. In: Estados Unidos: Human kinetics.
Bayios, I. A., Anastasopoulou, E., Sioudris, D., & Boudolos, K. D. (2001). Relationship between isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators and ball velocity in team handball. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(2), 229-235.
Bloomfield, J., Blanksby, B. A., Ackland, T. R., & Allison, G. T. (1990). The influence of strength training on overhead throwing velocity of elite water polo players. Aust J Sci Med Sport, 22(3), 63-67.
Bompa, T. O. (1993). Power training for sport: Plyometrics for maximum power development: Oakville, Ont.: Mosaic Press; Gloucester, Ont.: Coaching Association of Canada.
BOSCO, C., & KOMI, P. V. (1979). Potentiation of the mechanical behavior of the human skeletal muscle through prestretching. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 106(4), 467-472.
Carter, A. B., Kaminski, T. W., Douex Jr, A. T., Knight, C. A., & Richards, J. G. (2007). Effects of high volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength ratios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 208.
Chu, D. (1989). Plyometric exercises with the medicine ball: Bittersweet Publishing Company.
Chu, D. A. (1998). Jumping into plyometrics: Human Kinetics.
Clements, A. S., Ginn, K. A., & Henley, E. (2001). Correlation between muscle strength and throwing speed in adolescent baseball players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 2(3), 123-131.
Cohen, D. B., Mont, M. A., Campbell, K. R., Vogelstein, B. N., & Loewy, J. W. (1994). Upper extremity physical factors affecting tennis serve velocity. The American journal of sports medicine, 22(6), 746-750.
Coleman, S., Benham, A., & Northcott, S. (1993). A three‐dimensional cinematographical analysis of the volleyball spike. Journal of sports sciences, 11(4), 295-302.
Ebben, W. P., Fotsch, A., & Hartz, K. K. (2006). Multimode resistance training to improve baseball batting power. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(3), 32.
Ellenbecker, T. S., & Mattalino, A. J. (1997). Concentric isokinetic shoulder internal and external rotation strength in professional baseball pitchers. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25(5), 323-328.
Faigenbaum, A. D., McFarland, J. E., Keiper, F. B., Tevlin, W., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2007). Effects of a short-term plyometric and resistance training program on fitness performance in boys age 12 to 15 years. Journal of sports science & medicine, 6(4), 519.
Faigenbaum, A. D., & Mediate, P. (2006). Effects of medicine ball training on fitness performance of high-school physical education students. Physical Educator, 63(3), 160.
Fleisig, G. S., Andrews, J. R., Dillman, C. J., & Escamilla, R. F. (1995). Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. The American journal of sports medicine, 23(2), 233-239.
Forthomme, B., Croisier, J.-L., Ciccarone, G., Crielaard, J.-M., & Cloes, M. (2005). Factors correlated with volleyball spike velocity. The American journal of sports medicine, 33(10), 1513-1519.
Harasin, D., Dizdar, D., & Marković, G. (2006). High reliability of tests of maximum throwing performance. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 51(1), 63-76.
Higgins, A. (1992). Medicine ball training: a complete book of medicine ball exercises for coaches of all sports: Sport Books.
Komi, P. V. (1984). Physiological and Biomechanical Correlates of Muscle Function: Effects of Muscle Structure and Stretch—Shortening Cycle on Force and Speed. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 12(1), 81-122.
Langford, G. A., McCurdy, K. W., Doscher, M., & Teetzel, J. (1999). Effects of single-leg resistance training on measurement of jumping performance in NCAA division II women volleyball players. Articles/Articulos, 1(1), 17.
Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1978). Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 38(3), 181-188.
Lundin, P. (1985). Plyometrics: A review of plyometric training. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 7(3), 69-76.
Mangine, G. T., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, J. R., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kang, J., & Chilakos, A. (2008). The effects of combined ballistic and heavy resistance training on maximal lower-and upper-body strength in recreationally trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 132-139.
Marques, M. A. C., González-Badillo, J. J., & Kluka, D. A. (2006). In-Season resistance training for professional male volleyball players. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(6), 16.
Marques, M. C., Van Den Tillaar, R., Vescovi, J. D., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2008). Changes in strength and power performance in elite senior female professional volleyball players during the in-season: a case study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1147-1155.
Mikesky, A. E., Edwards, J. E., Wigglesworth, J. K., & Kunkel, S. (1995). Eccentric and concentric strength of the shoulder and arm musculature in collegiate baseball pitchers. The American journal of sports medicine, 23(5), 638-642.
Murphy, P., & Forney, J. (1997). Complete conditioning for baseball: Human Kinetics 1.
Newton, R. U., & Kraemer, W. J. (1994). Developing explosive muscular power: Implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 16(5), 20-31.
O’Bryant, H. (1985). Roundtable: Determining factors of strength-part Ⅱ. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal, 7, 10-17.
Palao, J. M., & Valades, D. (2009). Testing protocol for monitoring spike and serve speed in volleyball. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31(6), 47-51.
Pawlowski, D., & Perrin, D. H. (1989). Relationship between shoulder and elbow isokinetic peak torque, torque acceleration energy, average power, and total work and throwing velocity in intercollegiate pitchers. Athletic training, 24(2), 129-132.
Pedegana, L., Elsner, R., Roberts, D., Lang, J., & Farell, V. (1982). The relationship of upper extremity sterngth to throwing of a baseball. Athletic J, 55, 74-106.
Pereira, A., M Costa, A., Santos, P., Figueiredo, T., & Vicente João, P. (2015). Training strategy of explosive strength in young female volleyball players. Medicina, 51(2), 126-131.
Perelli, D. E. (1996). The Relationship Between Pitching Velocity and Anaerobic Power-Literature Review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 18(4), 58-63.
Pezzullo, D. J., Karas, S., & Irrgang, J. J. (1995). Functional plyometric exercises for the throwing athlete. Journal of athletic training, 30(1), 22.
Polglaze, T., & Dawson, B. (1992). The physiological requirements of the positions in state league volleyball. Sports Coach, 15, 32-32.
Raeder, C., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., & Ferrauti, A. (2015). Effects of six weeks of medicine ball training on throwing velocity, throwing precision, and isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators in female handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(7), 1904-1914.
Ramachandran, S., & Pradhan, B. (2014). Effects of short-term two weeks low intensity plyometrics combined with dynamic stretching training in improving vertical jump height and agility on trained basketball players.
Reeser, J. C., Fleisig, G. S., Bolt, B., & Ruan, M. (2010). Upper limb biomechanics during the volleyball serve and spike. Sports Health, 2(5), 368-374.
Schulte-Edelmann, J. A., Davies, G. J., Kernozek, T. W., & Gerberding, E. D. (2005). The effects of plyometric training of the posterior shoulder and elbow. J Strength Cond Res, 19(1), 129-134.
Shaji, J., & Isha, S. (2009). Comparative analysis of plyometric training program and dynamic stretching on vertical jump and agility in male collegiate basketball player. Al Ame en J Med Sci, 2(1), 36-46.
Swanik, K. A., Lephart, S. M., Swanik, C. B., Lephart, S. P., Stone, D. A., & Fu, F. H. (2002). The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 11(6), 579-586.
Szymanski, D. J., Szymanski, J. M., Bradford, T. J., Schade, R. L., & Pascoe, D. D. (2007). Effect of twelve weeks of medicine ball training on high school baseball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 894.
van den Tillaar, R., & Marques, M. C. (2013). Reliability of seated and standing throwing velocity using differently weighted medicine balls. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1234-1238.
Wilk, K. E., Voight, M. L., Keirns, M. A., Gambetta, V., Andrews, J. R., & Dillman, C. J. (1993). Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: theory and clinical application. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 17(5), 225-239.
Young, W. B., Pryor, J. F., & Wilson, G. J. (1995). Countermovement and Drop Jump Performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 9(4), 232-236.
 
王建發、蔡忠昌(2008)。 青少棒球員上肢各關節動作等長肌力與投擲球速相關性之探討。
吳忠政(2007)。 亞洲男子排球攻擊型態之分析研究。大專體育學刊， 9(2)， 65-72。
吳顥照(2003)。 複合訓練的理論與應用。中華體育季刊， 17， 1-10。
李水碧(1994)。 等速肌力測驗的因素分析。中華體育季刊， 7(4)， 87-92。
李成碩、黎俊彥(2010)。 低強度增強式訓練對預防下肢運動傷害的效益。中華體育季刊， 24(4)， 51-59。
林正常(1993)。 運動科學與訓練。臺北市: 銀禾文化事業有限公司。
林正常、蔡崇濱、林信甫、林政東、吳柏翰、鄭景峰(2004)。 肌力與體能訓練。
林正常、蔡崇濱、劉立宇、林政東、吳忠芳(2003)。 運動訓練法。
林光宏(2010)。 世界女子排球技戰術發展之研究-以中華女排參加 2002 年釜山亞運為例。
林明儒、陳信良、吳昶潤、陳忠慶、林昆儀(2008)。 男子羽球選手上肢等速向心肌力對羽球殺球球速的影響。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊， 7(2)， 133-141。
林芳英(2002)。 籃球運動的增強式訓練對排球選手跳躍力之應用。 大專體育， 43-45。
林政東、劉宇、呂宏進(2000)。 不同牽張幅度深跳練習對於 SSC 控制變數與運動表現之影響。大專體育，50， 38-43。
張恩崇、相子元(2002)。 擺臂動作對於排球助跑與起跳期之影響。教練科學， 1， 81-88。
張榮顯(2001)。 藥球訓練操作。中華民國大專院校九十年度體育學術研討會暨 2001 年國際運動教練科學研討會專刊， 286-293
梁龍鏡(2011)。 發球速度對網球選手上肢等速肌力之比較。大專體育學刊， 13(2)， 181-187。
莊林貴、蔡一鳴、曾慶裕、王秀銀(2002)。 青棒投手不同投球法之投球速度與肩關節等速肌力的相關性之研究。北體學報10， 83-92。
陳建銘、湯文慈(2004)。 上肢等速肌力相關參數在棒球投手訓練之應用。大專體育， 61-67。
湯文慈、龔榮堂、陳建銘、江宜玲(2009)。 台灣優秀成棒投手球速與上肢等速肌力之關係。大專體育學刊，11， 83-92。
楊明達、詹貴惠(2005)。 增強式訓練的效果與應用。大專體育，37-44。
楊明達、詹貴惠(2006)。 藥球訓練對棒球運動員投球表現與敏捷性的影響。運動生理暨體能學報， 149-155。
蔡崇濱(1987)。 預先伸展式訓練法在排球跳躍力訓練中的應用。中華體育季刊， 5， 9-18。
鄭景峰(2002)。 增強式訓練的理論與應用。中華體育， 16(1)， 36-45。
盧英治(2000)。 衝擊式訓練的理論與實際。大專體育， 51， 95-102。