CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..............................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................III CONTENTS ..............................................IV LIST OF TABLES ........................................VIII LIST OF FIGURES .......................................X GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS ...................................XII 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................1 1.1 A REVIEW ON PRODUCT COLOR PLANNING DEVELOPMENT ...2 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...............................3 1.2.1 A color selection model based on an aesthetic measurement and fuzzy logic theory ....................3 1.2.2 An improved color aesthetics model of product components ............................................4 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ........................5 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS ............................6 2.1 COLOR HARMONY THEORY ..............................6 2.2 MOON & SPENCER'S AESTHETICS MEASURE ...............6 2.3 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING THEORY ...................14 2.3.1 Color transformations ...........................14 2.3.2 Skin color detection ............................16 2.4 FUZZY SET THEORY ..................................17 2.4.1 Operations for fuzzy sets .......................18 2.4.2 The connection of a modifier and a base-variable .........................................29 2.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................20 3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED MODEL FOR AESTHETIC MEASUREMENT .................................21 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................21 3.2 THE SELECTION OF IMAGERY VOCABULARY ...............21 3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE AESTHETICS MEASUREMENT FORMULA ...............................................24 3.3.1 The image scores of hues ........................24 3.3.2 The image scores of values ......................26 3.3.3 The relationship among value, chroma, and color area ............................................27 3.3.4 The acquisition of product color areas ..........28 3.3.5 Derivation of the equation of aesthetics measurement in color combinations for a product .......29 3.4 THE CALCULATION PROGRAM OF AESTHETICS MEASUREMENT FOR PRODUCT COLOR COMBINATION .............31 4. A CASE STUDY OF THE CONVENTIONAL AESTHETIC MEASUREMENT MODEL BASED ON FUZZY SET ..................33 4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................33 4.2 OUTLINE OF THE DESIGN CASE ........................33 4.3. COLOR CALIBRATION FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE ....35 4.4 THE COLOR SAMPLES OF CLOTHING .....................36 4.5 THE SKIN COLOR SAMPLES ............................36 4.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PREFERENCES OF CONSUMERS .............................................38 4.7 THE PERSONALIZED COLOR SELECTION SYSTEM ...........43 4.8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................47 4.8.1 Accuracy analysis of color rank for a 2-color combination ...........................................47 4.8.2 Accuracy analysis of color rank for a 3-color combination ...........................................49 4.8.3 Consistency check for theoretical and experimental results ..................................51 4.8.4 Analysis of the image combination ...............52 4.8.5 Checking the point of view for subjects with different genders .....................................54 4.8.6 Accuracy analysis the model for skin color detection .............................................55 4.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................56 5. A CASE STUDY OF THE IMPROVED MODEL OF AESTHETIC MEASUREMENT ...........................................58 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................58 5.2 OUTLINE OF THE DESIGN CASE ........................58 5.3 THE COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF THE TARGET PRODUCT .....59 5.4 RESTRICTIONS OF THE STUDY .........................61 5.5 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLOR AESTHETICS COMPUTATION SYSTEM FOR THE COMPONENTS .................61 5.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................63 5.6.1 The relation between color charts having different images and the aesthetics measurement of products ...........................................64 5.6.2 Using the image word - Female on Front Panel design ................................................66 5.6.3 Using the image word “Female” on a keypad design ................................................69 5.6.4 Accuracy analysis of the color aesthetics computation system ....................................74 5.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................75 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................76 6.1 OVERVIEW OF CONCLUSIONS ...........................76 6.2. SUGGESTIONS FOR FOLLOW-UP RESEARCH STUDIES .......77 REFERENCES ............................................79 LIST OF PUBLICATION ...................................85 VITA ..................................................87 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 The relationships among the Comfortable harmony, Uncomfortable harmony,and Variation of the color attributes ..................................8 Table 2-2 The corresponding scores for comfortable and uncomfortable harmonies ...........................8 Table 3-1 The 35 pairs of opposite image words ........22 Table 3-2 The top 4 colors fitting the given 3 pairs of image words ........................................23 Table 4-1 The 35 pairs of opposite image words ........39 Table 4-2 Mean values of the normalized membership functions between image words and color tones .........41 Table 4-3 The membership functions of compound image words ...........................................43 Table 4-3 Correlation coefficients (r) between the theoretical and experimental results for combining image words and adding linguistic modifier ............54 Table 4-4 The Image collocations of a one-way ANOVA with comparisons between the means of male and female.................................................54 Table 4-5 Skin color differences between photos taken outside and inside ..............................55 Table 5-1 The code of each component ..................59 Table 5-2 The Mp values for 3 pairs of image words ....65 Table 5-3 The rank of Mp values for the 3 pairs of image words ........................................66 Table 5-4 The Mp values of the image matched with 2 colors ..............................................67 Table 5-5 The Mp values of the image matched with 3 colors ..............................................68 Table 5-6 The rank of Mp values for component CFD .....69 Table 5-7 The Mp values for components CFD and CBD are achromatic ........................................71 Table 5-8 The Mp values for components CFD and CBD are chromatic .........................................72 Table 5-9 The rank of Mp values for component CFD is variable ...........................................73 Table 5-10 The Pearson analysis of theoretical and experimental results ..................................74 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 The 100 hues in Munsell color wheel ........12 Figure 3-1 The distribution for hues on the Munsell’s Hue circle .................................25 Figure 3-2 The scale on the image “Female” for the Munsell’s Values .............................26 Figure 3-3 The interface for calculating Mp value for color Combination ........................32 Figure 4-1 The flow chart for constructing the personalized color selection system ...................34 Figure 4-2 The basic clothing color database based on P.C.C.S color system .........................35 Figure 4-3 The interface for skin-color detection for a customer ........................................38 Figure 4-4 The procedure for skin-color detection .....38 Figure 4-5 An questionnaire for the measurement of the fuzzy linguistic scale .........................40 Figure 4-6 The interface of the personalized color selection system ......................................44 Figure 4-7 An example for ranking the polo shirt colors in combining with the given skin color .........46 Figure 4-8 An example for ranking the polo shirt and pant colors for the combination of skin, Polo shirt, and pant colors ................................46 Figure 4-9 The clothing colors ranked by the system for a 2-colour combination (skin and cloth colors) ....48 Figure 4-10 A comparison of the theoretical and experimental color ranks for a 2-colour combination ...48 Figure 4-11 The clothing colors ranked by the system for a 3-colour combination (skin, polo shirt and pant colors)................................................50 Figure 4-12 A comparison of the theoretical and experimental color ranks for a 3-colour combination .. 51 Figure 4-13 A comparison of the assessment scores between the results obtained from questionnaires and the embership functions given by the system ...... 53 Figure 5-1 The location of each component .............60 Figure 5-2 The X, Y, and Z axis of the 3D model of a cell phone .......................................60 Figure 5-3 Flow chart for the operation system ........62 Figure 5-4 The interface for the aesthetics computation system ....................................62 Figure 5-5 An output 3D model based on the given parameters ............................................63