機器學習探索材料之特性，並優化合成過程是材料科學發展之主軸。在本研究中，使用基因演算法並結合類神經網絡（GANN），並利用此套演算法對海膽狀金奈米粒子進行表面電將子之活動進行預測並透過所建立之模型對海膽狀金奈米粒子之形貌進行調控。在海膽狀金奈米粒子之調控中，首先利用較低量級的實驗數據驗證了預測模型的準確性，再利用大量的實驗數據證實了預測模型的準確性。了解到此演算法對實驗的優化以及預測有所幫助，本研究中將基因演算法並結合類神經網絡應用於預測氧化物半導體異質接面之共振特性及預測轉換效率，亦得到良好的預測。因此，基因演算法結合類神經網絡具有良好的預測能力，不論是對表面電將共振位置及吸收峰之相關訊息。均方根誤差（RMSE）和回歸線(Regression Line)有助於分析訓練模型的準確性。最後，我們使用TEM和SEM圖像來確認合成產物之形貌，並使用UV-vis測量合成產物的表面電將共振位置。結果表明，利用GANN 所建立之預測模型，我們不僅可以很好地預測電漿共振，並可以優化合成過程以減少化學廢棄物。通過晶種二次成核法結合人工智慧機械學習（Artificial Intelligence-Machine Learning），可調控之海膽狀金奈米粒子及成核於花狀氧化鋅之金奈米粒子已應用於環保替代能源之發展。此外，透過二次成核法，本研究成功將海膽狀金奈米粒子及其雙層衍生結構自組裝於不同氧化物半導體，提升金奈米粒子與氧化物半導體異質接面之應用領域。

Due to a complexing nucleation of sea-urchin-like Au NPs and the need of a precise predication of its surface plasmon, artificial neural network is utilized with genetic algorithm to comprehend the relationship between synthesis parameters and surface plasmon wavelength of sea-urchin-like Au NPs by seed-mediated growth assisted by machine learning. Herein, low data test is trained by varying the ratio and the concentration of gold seeds, sodium citrate, hydroquinone, and HAuCl4. Moreover, a big data confirmation was established through massive parameter collection from over 684 samples. Thereby, the well-trained genetic algorithm artificial neural network confirmed by a big data can guide a parameter selection for the seed-mediated growth in order to gain the desired surface plasmon wavelength. An optimal model can be obtained after big data evolution, to assist growth method screening of seed-mediated growth of sea-urchin-like gold nanoparticles to achieve a stronger electromagnetic field of surface plasmon. Consequently, machine learning demonstrates an unprecedented advantage, comparing to the empirical science in seed-mediated growth and simulation in surface plasmon prediction, which improves research efficiency and decrease monetary investment. In addition, the performance of sea-urchin-like gold nanoparticles via seed-mediated growth is substantially improved in the visible domain.
Light-to-plasmon conversion efficiency is an important index affecting by the morphology of nanoparticle, the species of metallic nanoparticles and the distribution of metallic nanoparticles on metal-oxide semiconductors. In this study, different size and different morphology of gold nanoparticles are synthesized, and fabricated on the surface of ZnO nanoflowers. More than 500 experimental parameters are prepared and measured the light-to-plasmon efficiency and plasmon position. The experimental parameters contain precursors, surfactants and UV-treatment time. The understanding of light-to-plasmon and activated plasmon position, especially those far from the coupling state, is relatively limited due to their inherent complexity. Here, genetic algorithm neural network (GANN) is used to build the prediction model with low experimental data containing position of plasmon shifting and light-to-plasmon conversion efficiency. Machine learning (ML) accelerates the fabrication precisely by incorporating all parameters into consideration instead of focusing on one or two parameters in the experimental process. The capability of predicting the target fabrication results has been demonstrated with a successful experimental validation. On the other hand, we can use ML to optimize the synthesized procedure and predict the specific results. In this way, chemical waste can be reduced and explored the characteristics of material more efficiently.
In addition, through the seed-mediated method, this study successfully assembled sea-urchin-like gold nanoparticles and their double-layer derived structures into different oxide semiconductors, enhancing the application of the heterojunction of gold nanoparticles and metal-oxide semiconductors.

[1] L. Tong, Y. Zhao, T. B. Huff, M. N. Hansen, A. Wei, and J. X. Cheng, "Gold nanorods mediate tumor cell death by compromising membrane integrity," (in English), Advanced Materials, Article vol. 19, no. 20, pp. 3136-+, Oct 2007.
[2] E. W. Edwards, M. Chanana, D. Wang, and H. Mohwald, "Stimuli-responsive reversible transport of nanoparticles across water/oil interfaces," (in English), Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Article vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 320-323, 2008.
[3] C. Burda, X. B. Chen, R. Narayanan, and M. A. El-Sayed, "Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes," (in English), Chemical Reviews, Review vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 1025-1102, Apr 2005.
[4] A. S. K. Hashmi, "Gold-catalyzed organic reactions," (in English), Chemical Reviews, Review vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 3180-3211, Jul 2007.
[5] D. A. Wheeler, R. J. Newhouse, H. Wang, S. Zou, and J. Z. Zhang, "Optical Properties and Persistent Spectral Hole Burning of Near Infrared-Absorbing Hollow Gold Nanospheres," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 114, no. 42, pp. 18126-18133, 2010/10/28 2010.
[6] R. Hong, G. Han, J. M. Fernandez, B. J. Kim, N. S. Forbes, and V. M. Rotello, "Glutathione-mediated delivery and release using monolayer protected nanoparticle carriers," (in English), Journal of the American Chemical Society, Article vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 1078-1079, Feb 2006.
[7] K. Aslan and V. H. Perez-Luna, "Surface modification of colloidal gold by chemisorption of alkanethiols in the presence of a nonionic surfactant," (in English), Langmuir, Article vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 6059-6065, Aug 2002, Art. no. Unsp la025795x.
[8] J. Qin, Y. S. Jo, J. E. Ihm, D. K. Kim, and M. Muhammed, "Thermosensitive nanospheres with a gold layer revealed as low-cytotoxic drug vehicles," (in English), Langmuir, Article vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 9346-9351, Sep 2005.
[9] J. A. Yan et al., "An On-Nanoparticle Rolling-Circle Amplification Platform for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection in Biological Fluids," (in English), Small, Article vol. 6, no. 22, pp. 2520-2525, Nov 2010.
[10] J. Zhang et al., "Visual cocaine detection with gold nanoparticles and rationally engineered aptamer structures," (in English), Small, Article vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1196-1200, Aug 2008.
[11] J. A. Dahl, B. L. S. Maddux, and J. E. Hutchison, "Toward greener nanosynthesis," (in English), Chemical Reviews, Review vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2228-2269, Jun 2007.
[12] G. Yao et al., "Clicking DNA to gold nanoparticles: poly-adenine-mediated formation of monovalent DNA-gold nanoparticle conjugates with nearly quantitative yield," NPG Asia Materials, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. e159-e159, 2015/01/01 2015.
[13] J. Li et al., "Controllable Synthesis of Stable Urchin-like Gold Nanoparticles Using Hydroquinone to Tune the Reactivity of Gold Chloride," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 9, pp. 3630-3637, 2011/03/10 2011.
[14] C.-C. Chen et al., "Presence of Gold Nanoparticles in Cells Associated with the Cell-Killing Effect of Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia," ACS Applied Bio Materials, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 3573-3581, 2019/08/19 2019.
[15] A. Pangdam, K. Wongravee, S. Nootchanat, and S. Ekgasit, "Urchin-like gold microstructures with tunable length of nanothorns," Materials & Design, vol. 130, pp. 140-148, 2017/09/15/ 2017.
[16] S. D. Perrault and W. C. W. Chan, "Synthesis and Surface Modification of Highly Monodispersed, Spherical Gold Nanoparticles of 50-200 nm," (in English), Journal of the American Chemical Society, Article vol. 131, no. 47, pp. 17042-+, Dec 2009.
[17] F. Hao, C. L. Nehl, J. H. Hafner, and P. Nordlander, "Plasmon resonances of a gold nanostar," (in English), Nano Letters, Article vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 729-732, Mar 2007.
[18] N. R. Jana, L. Gearheart, and C. J. Murphy, "Wet chemical synthesis of high aspect ratio cylindrical gold nanorods," (in English), Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Letter vol. 105, no. 19, pp. 4065-4067, May 2001.
[19] D. K. Smith and B. A. Korgel, "The importance of the CTAB surfactant on the colloidal seed-mediated synthesis of gold nanorods," (in English), Langmuir, Article vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 644-649, Feb 2008.
[20] L. L. Zhao, X. H. Ji, X. J. Sun, J. Li, W. S. Yang, and X. G. Peng, "Formation and Stability of Gold Nanoflowers by the Seeding Approach: The Effect of Intraparticle Ripening," (in English), Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Article vol. 113, no. 38, pp. 16645-16651, Sep 2009.
[21] K. R. Brown and M. J. Natan, "Hydroxylamine seeding of colloidal Au nanoparticles in solution and on surfaces," (in English), Langmuir, Letter vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 726-728, Feb 1998.
[22] S. H. Chen, Z. L. Wang, J. Ballato, S. H. Foulger, and D. L. Carroll, "Monopod, bipod, tripod, and tetrapod gold nanocrystals," (in English), Journal of the American Chemical Society, Article vol. 125, no. 52, pp. 16186-16187, Dec 2003.
[23] S. Fidan, H. Oktay, S. Polat, and S. Ozturk, "An Artificial Neural Network Model to Predict the Thermal Properties of Concrete Using Different Neurons and Activation Functions," (in English), Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Article p. 13, 2019, Art. no. 3831813.
[24] A. Alnedawi, R. Al-Ameri, and K. P. Nepal, "Neural network-based model for prediction of permanent deformation of unbound granular materials," Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2019/10/08/ 2019.
[25] K. M. A. Hossain, M. S. Anwar, and S. G. Samani, "Regression and artificial neural network models for strength properties of engineered cementitious composites," (in English), Neural Computing & Applications, Article vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 631-645, May 2018.
[26] G. Chen and G. J. Hay, "A Support Vector Regression Approach to Estimate Forest Biophysical Parameters at the Object Level Using Airborne Lidar Transects and QuickBird Data," (in English), Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Article vol. 77, no. 7, pp. 733-741, Jul 2011.
[27] D. M. Deaven and K. M. Ho, "MOLECULAR-GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION WITH A GENETIC ALGORITHM," (in English), Physical Review Letters, Article vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 288-291, Jul 1995.
[28] P. C. Jennings, S. Lysgaard, J. S. Hummelshoj, T. Vegge, and T. Bligaard, "Genetic algorithms for computational materials discovery accelerated by machine learning," (in English), Npj Computational Materials, Article vol. 5, p. 6, Apr 2019, Art. no. 46.
[29] E. Tenorio, J. Gómez-Ruiz, J. I. Peláez, and J. M. Doña, "A Genetic Algorithm to Design Industrial Materials," in Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 445-454: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[30] L. Steen, J. Paul C., H. Jens Strabo, B. Thomas, and V. Tejs, Machine Learning Accelerated Genetic Algorithms for Computational Materials Search. 2018.
[31] T. K. Patra, V. Meenakshisundaram, J. H. Hung, and D. S. Simmons, "Neural-Network-Biased Genetic Algorithms for Materials Design: Evolutionary Algorithms That Learn," (in English), Acs Combinatorial Science, Article vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 96-107, Feb 2017.
[32] C. W. Cheng et al., "Surface plasmon enhanced band edge luminescence of ZnO nanorods by capping Au nanoparticles," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, no. 7, p. 071107, 2010/02/15 2010.
[33] P. Fageria, S. Gangopadhyay, and S. Pande, "Synthesis of ZnO/Au and ZnO/Ag nanoparticles and their photocatalytic application using UV and visible light," RSC Advances, 10.1039/C4RA03158J vol. 4, no. 48, pp. 24962-24972, 2014.
[34] Y. K. Mishra, S. Mohapatra, R. Singhal, D. K. Avasthi, D. C. Agarwal, and S. B. Ogale, "Au–ZnO: A tunable localized surface plasmonic nanocomposite," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 4, p. 043107, 2008/01/28 2008.
[35] Y. Wang, X. Li, N. Wang, X. Quan, and Y. Chen, "Controllable synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their morphology-dependent photocatalytic activities," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 727-732, 2008/09/22/ 2008.
[36] A. Wahyuono Ruri et al., "ZnO nanoflowers-based photoanodes: aqueous chemical synthesis, microstructure and optical properties," in Open Chemistry vol. 14, ed, 2016, p. 158.
[37] P. Li, Z. Wei, T. Wu, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, "Au−ZnO Hybrid Nanopyramids and Their Photocatalytic Properties," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 133, no. 15, pp. 5660-5663, 2011/04/20 2011.
[38] T.-S. Pan, J. Sharma, C.-C. Chu, and Y. Tai, "Evidences of plasmonic effect in an organic–inorganic hybrid photovoltaic device using flower-like ZnO@Au nanoparticles," Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 2637, 2014/09/16 2014.
[39] L. Wang et al., "A Au-functionalized ZnO nanowire gas sensor for detection of benzene and toluene," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 10.1039/C3CP52392F vol. 15, no. 40, pp. 17179-17186, 2013.
[40] C. Zhang et al., "Au nanoparticles sensitized ZnO nanorod@nanoplatelet core–shell arrays for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting," Nano Energy, vol. 12, pp. 231-239, 2015/03/01/ 2015.
[41] X.-j. Wang, W. Wang, and Y.-L. Liu, "Enhanced acetone sensing performance of Au nanoparticles functionalized flower-like ZnO," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 168, pp. 39-45, 2012/06/20/ 2012.
[42] M. Ahmad et al., "Synthesis of hierarchical flower-like ZnO nanostructures and their functionalization by Au nanoparticles for improved photocatalytic and high performance Li-ion battery anodes," Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10.1039/C1JM10720H vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 7723-7729, 2011.
[43] P. Chang and J. G. Lu, "ZnO Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2977-2987, 2008.
[44] W. He, H.-K. Kim, W. G. Wamer, D. Melka, J. H. Callahan, and J.-J. Yin, "Photogenerated Charge Carriers and Reactive Oxygen Species in ZnO/Au Hybrid Nanostructures with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 750-757, 2014/01/15 2014.
[45] Z. L. Wang and J. Song, "Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays," Science, vol. 312, no. 5771, p. 242, 2006.
[46] J. Yuan, E. S. G. Choo, X. Tang, Y. Sheng, J. Ding, and J. Xue, "Synthesis of ZnO–Pt nanoflowers and their photocatalytic applications," Nanotechnology, vol. 21, no. 18, p. 185606, 2010/04/14 2010.
[47] F. Boccuzzi, A. Chiorino, S. Tsubota, and M. Haruta, "An IR study of CO-sensing mechanism on Au/ZnO," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 540-543, 1995/04/01/ 1995.
[48] Ş. Aydoğan, K. Çınar, H. Asıl, C. Coşkun, and A. Türüt, "Electrical characterization of Au/n-ZnO Schottky contacts on n-Si," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 476, no. 1, pp. 913-918, 2009/05/12/ 2009.
[49] Y. Chen, D. Zeng, K. Zhang, A. Lu, L. Wang, and D.-L. Peng, "Au–ZnO hybrid nanoflowers, nanomultipods and nanopyramids: one-pot reaction synthesis and photocatalytic properties," Nanoscale, 10.1039/C3NR04558G vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 874-881, 2014.
[50] H. Zhang, G. Chen, and D. W. Bahnemann, "Photoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications," Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10.1039/B821991E vol. 19, no. 29, pp. 5089-5121, 2009.
[51] J. Zhang, X. Liu, S. Wu, B. Cao, and S. Zheng, "One-pot synthesis of Au-supported ZnO nanoplates with enhanced gas sensor performance," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 169, pp. 61-66, 2012/07/05/ 2012.
[52] J. Guo, J. Zhang, M. Zhu, D. Ju, x. Hongyan, and B. Cao, "High-performance gas sensor based on ZnO nanowires functionalized by Au nanoparticles," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 199, pp. 339-345, 08/01 2014.
[53] P. Pawinrat, O. Mekasuwandumrong, and J. Panpranot, "Synthesis of Au–ZnO and Pt–ZnO nanocomposites by one-step flame spray pyrolysis and its application for photocatalytic degradation of dyes," Catalysis Communications, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1380-1385, 2009/05/20/ 2009.
[54] Q. Wang, B. Geng, and S. Wang, "ZnO/Au Hybrid Nanoarchitectures: Wet-Chemical Synthesis and Structurally Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 23, pp. 8968-8973, 2009/12/01 2009.
[55] X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Guo, S. Wu, and S. Wang, "Amino acid-assisted one-pot assembly of Au, Pt nanoparticles onto one-dimensional ZnO microrods," Nanoscale, 10.1039/C0NR00015A vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1178-1184, 2010.
[56] P. Nordlander and E. Prodan, "Plasmon Hybridization in Nanoparticles near Metallic Surfaces," Nano Letters, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 2209-2213, 2004/11/01 2004.
[57] W. I. Park, G.-C. Yi, J. W. Kim, and S. M. Park, "Schottky nanocontacts on ZnO nanorod arrays," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 82, no. 24, pp. 4358-4360, 2003/06/16 2003.
[58] N. Gogurla, A. K. Sinha, S. Santra, S. Manna, and S. K. Ray, "Multifunctional Au-ZnO Plasmonic Nanostructures for Enhanced UV Photodetector and Room Temperature NO Sensing Devices," Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 6483, 2014/09/26 2014.
[59] N. Udawatte, M. Lee, J. Kim, and D. Lee, "Well-defined Au/ZnO nanoparticle composites exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activities," (in eng), ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 4531-8, Nov 2011.
[60] J.-J. Wu and C.-H. Tseng, "Photocatalytic properties of nc-Au/ZnO nanorod composites," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 51-57, 2006/06/20/ 2006.
[61] J. Li et al., "Deep Learning Accelerated Gold Nanocluster Synthesis," Advanced Intelligent Systems, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 1900029, 2019/07/01 2019.
[62] A. O. Oliynyk and J. M. Buriak, "Virtual Issue on Machine-Learning Discoveries in Materials Science," Chemistry of Materials, vol. 31, no. 20, pp. 8243-8247, 2019/10/22 2019.
[63] G. Chen, H. Qiu, P. N. Prasad, and X. Chen, "Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics," Chem Rev, vol. 114, no. 10, pp. 5161-214, May 28 2014.
[64] G. P. P. Pun, R. Batra, R. Ramprasad, and Y. Mishin, "Physically informed artificial neural networks for atomistic modeling of materials," Nature Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 2339, 2019/05/28 2019.
[65] X. Zheng, P. Zheng, and R.-Z. Zhang, "Machine learning material properties from the periodic table using convolutional neural networks," Chemical Science, 10.1039/C8SC02648C vol. 9, no. 44, pp. 8426-8432, 2018.
[66] M. Fernandez, A. Bilić, and A. S. Barnard, "Machine learning and genetic algorithm prediction of energy differences between electronic calculations of graphene nanoflakes," (in eng), Nanotechnology, vol. 28, no. 38, p. 38lt03, Sep 20 2017.
[67] K. T. Butler, D. W. Davies, H. Cartwright, O. Isayev, and A. Walsh, "Machine learning for molecular and materials science," Nature, vol. 559, no. 7715, pp. 547-555, 2018/07/01 2018.
[68] W. Huang, P. Martin, and H. L. Zhuang, "Machine-learning phase prediction of high-entropy alloys," Acta Materialia, vol. 169, pp. 225-236, 2019/05/01/ 2019.
[69] X. Wu, J. A. Jargon, R. A. Skoog, L. Paraschis, and A. E. Willner, "Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Optical Performance Monitoring," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 27, no. 16, pp. 3580-3589, 2009/08/15 2009.
[70] H. Chan, K. Sasikumar, S. Srinivasan, M. Cherukara, B. Narayanan, and S. K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan, "Machine learning a bond order potential model to study thermal transport in WSe2 nanostructures," Nanoscale, 10.1039/C9NR02873K vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 10381-10392, 2019.
[71] K. Kim, L. Ward, J. He, A. Krishna, A. Agrawal, and C. Wolverton, "Machine-learning-accelerated high-throughput materials screening: Discovery of novel quaternary Heusler compounds," Physical Review Materials, vol. 2, no. 12, p. 123801, 12/04/ 2018.
[72] G. Kant and K. S. Sangwan, "Predictive Modelling and Optimization of Machining Parameters to Minimize Surface Roughness using Artificial Neural Network Coupled with Genetic Algorithm," Procedia CIRP, vol. 31, pp. 453-458, 2015/01/01/ 2015.
[73] S. Bahrami, F. Doulati Ardejani, and E. Baafi, "Application of artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm and simulated annealing to solve groundwater inflow problem to an advancing open pit mine," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 536, pp. 471-484, 2016/05/01/ 2016.
[74] P. V. Balachandran, "Machine learning guided design of functional materials with targeted properties," Computational Materials Science, vol. 164, pp. 82-90, 2019/06/15/ 2019.
[75] J. Zurada, Introduction to artificial neural systems. West Publishing Co., 1992.
[76] M. Smith, Neural Networks for Statistical Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
[77] H. Mühlenbein, M. Schomisch, and J. Born, "The parallel genetic algorithm as function optimizer," Parallel Computing, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 619-632, 1991/09/01/ 1991.
[78] P. D. Jadzinsky, G. Calero, C. J. Ackerson, D. A. Bushnell, and R. D. Kornberg, "Structure of a thiol monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle at 1.1 Å resolution," science, vol. 318, no. 5849, pp. 430-433, 2007.
[79] M. C. Daniel and D. Astruc, "Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology," (in eng), Chem Rev, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 293-346, Jan 2004.
[80] F. Tian, F. Bonnier, A. Casey, A. E. Shanahan, and H. J. Byrne, "Surface enhanced Raman scattering with gold nanoparticles: effect of particle shape," Analytical Methods, 10.1039/C4AY02112F vol. 6, no. 22, pp. 9116-9123, 2014.
[81] E. C. Dreaden, A. M. Alkilany, X. Huang, C. J. Murphy, and M. A. El-Sayed, "The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine," Chemical Society Reviews, 10.1039/C1CS15237H vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 2740-2779, 2012.
[82] T. Shimizu, T. Teranishi, S. Hasegawa, and M. Miyake, "Size Evolution of Alkanethiol-Protected Gold Nanoparticles by Heat Treatment in the Solid State," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 12, pp. 2719-2724, 2003/03/01 2003.
[83] T. K. Sau and C. J. Murphy, "Seeded High Yield Synthesis of Short Au Nanorods in Aqueous Solution," Langmuir, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 6414-6420, 2004/07/01 2004.
[84] E. Carbó-Argibay, B. Rodríguez-González, J. Pacifico, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Pérez-Juste, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, "Chemical Sharpening of Gold Nanorods: The Rod-to-Octahedron Transition," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 46, no. 47, pp. 8983-8987, 2007/12/03 2007.
[85] S. J. Oldenburg, R. D. Averitt, S. L. Westcott, and N. J. Halas, "Nanoengineering of optical resonances," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 288, no. 2, pp. 243-247, 1998/05/22/ 1998.
[86] X. Lu, L. Au, J. McLellan, Z. Y. Li, M. Marquez, and Y. Xia, "Fabrication of cubic nanocages and nanoframes by dealloying Au/Ag alloy nanoboxes with an aqueous etchant based on Fe(NO3)3 or NH4OH," (in eng), Nano Lett, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1764-9, Jun 2007.
[87] H.-P. Liang, L.-J. Wan, C.-L. Bai, and L. Jiang, "Gold Hollow Nanospheres:  Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance Controlled by Interior-Cavity Sizes," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 16, pp. 7795-7800, 2005/04/01 2005.
[88] F. Kim, S. Connor, H. Song, T. Kuykendall, and P. Yang, "Platonic Gold Nanocrystals," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 43, no. 28, pp. 3673-3677, 2004/07/12 2004.
[89] W. Niu et al., "Selective Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Rhombic Dodecahedral, Octahedral, and Cubic Gold Nanocrystals," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 697-703, 2009/01/21 2009.
[90] D. Y. Kim, S. H. Im, and O. O. Park, "Synthesis of Tetrahexahedral Gold Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets," Crystal Growth & Design, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 3321-3323, 2010/08/04 2010.
[91] Y. Ma, Q. Kuang, Z. Jiang, Z. Xie, R. Huang, and L. Zheng, "Synthesis of Trisoctahedral Gold Nanocrystals with Exposed High-Index Facets by a Facile Chemical Method," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 47, no. 46, pp. 8901-8904, 2008/11/03 2008.
[92] J. E. Millstone, S. Park, K. L. Shuford, L. Qin, G. C. Schatz, and C. A. Mirkin, "Observation of a Quadrupole Plasmon Mode for a Colloidal Solution of Gold Nanoprisms," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 15, pp. 5312-5313, 2005/04/01 2005.
[93] M. Zohrabi and M. R. Mohebbifar, "Electric Field Enhancement Around Gold Tip Optical Antenna," Plasmonics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 887-892, 2015/08/01 2015.
[94] P. Das, T. K. Chini, and J. Pond, "Probing Higher Order Surface Plasmon Modes on Individual Truncated Tetrahedral Gold Nanoparticle Using Cathodoluminescence Imaging and Spectroscopy Combined with FDTD Simulations," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, no. 29, pp. 15610-15619, 2012/07/26 2012.
[95] F. Hao and P. Nordlander, "Efficient dielectric function for FDTD simulation of the optical properties of silver and gold nanoparticles," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 446, no. 1, pp. 115-118, 2007/09/26/ 2007.
[96] R. W. Wood, "On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum," Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 269, 1902.
[97] J. Zhao et al., "Methods for describing the electromagnetic properties of silver and gold nanoparticles," Accounts of chemical research, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1710-1720, 2008.
[98] S. H. Radwan and H. M. Azzazy, "Gold nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics," (in eng), Expert Rev Mol Diagn, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 511-24, Jul 2009.
[99] J. H. Lim, C. K. Kang, K. K. Kim, I. K. Park, D. K. Hwang, and S. J. Park, "UV electroluminescence emission from ZnO light‐emitting diodes grown by high‐temperature radiofrequency sputtering," Advanced Materials, vol. 18, no. 20, pp. 2720-2724, 2006.
[100] B. Liu and H. C. Zeng, "Fabrication of ZnO “Dandelions” via a Modified Kirkendall Process," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 51, pp. 16744-16746, 2004/12/01 2004.
[101] Y.-S. Choi, J.-W. Kang, D.-K. Hwang, and S.-J. Park, "Recent advances in ZnO-based light-emitting diodes," IEEE Transactions on electron devices, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 26-41, 2009.
[102] S. J. Jiao et al., "ZnO p-n junction light-emitting diodes fabricated on sapphire substrates," Applied physics letters, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 031911, 2006.
[103] A. Monshi, M. R. Foroughi, and M. R. Monshi, "Modified Scherrer equation to estimate more accurately nano-crystallite size using XRD," World journal of nano science and engineering, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 154-160, 2012.
[104] V. Drits, J. Środoń, and D. D. Eberl, "XRD Measurement of Mean Crystallite Thickness of Illite and Illite/Smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler Index and the Scherrer Equation," Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 461-475, 1997/06/01 1997.
[105] Y. Kane, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 302-307, 1966.
[106] P. Zhu, G. Liu, J. Zhang, and N. Tansu, "FDTD Analysis on Extraction Efficiency of GaN Light-Emitting Diodes With Microsphere Arrays," Journal of Display Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 317-323, 2013/05/01 2013.
[107] X. Ding, J. Li, Q. Chen, Y. Tang, Z. Li, and B. Yu, "Improving LED CCT uniformity using micropatterned films optimized by combining ray tracing and FDTD methods," Optics Express, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. A180-A191, 2015/02/09 2015.
[108] S. D. Gedney, "Introduction to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for electromagnetics," Synthesis Lectures on Computational Electromagnetics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-250, 2011.
[109] K. Chien-Nan, W. Ruey-Beei, B. Houshmand, and T. Itoh, "Modeling of microwave active devices using the FDTD analysis based on the voltage-source approach," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 199-201, 1996.
[110] J. Li et al., "Controllable synthesis and SERS characteristics of hollow sea-urchin gold nanoparticles," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 10.1039/C4CP04017A vol. 16, no. 46, pp. 25601-25608, 2014.
[111] C. Li, Y. Su, X. Lv, Y. Zuo, X. Yang, and Y. Wang, "Au@Pd core–shell nanoparticles: A highly active electrocatalyst for amperometric gaseous ethanol sensors," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 171-172, pp. 1192-1198, 2012/08/01/ 2012.
[112] E. Prodan, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, "Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Gold Nanoshells," Nano Letters, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1411-1415, 2003/10/01 2003.
[113] N. Kumar, B. M. Weckhuysen, A. J. Wain, and A. J. Pollard, "Nanoscale chemical imaging using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy," Nature Protocols, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1169-1193, 2019/04/01 2019.
[114] L. Meng, T. Huang, X. Wang, S. Chen, Z. Yang, and B. Ren, "Gold-coated AFM tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: theoretical calculation and experimental demonstration," Optics Express, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 13804-13813, 2015/06/01 2015.
[115] N. Behr and M. B. Raschke, "Optical Antenna Properties of Scanning Probe Tips:  Plasmonic Light Scattering, Tip−Sample Coupling, and Near-Field Enhancement," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 10, pp. 3766-3773, 2008/03/01 2008.
[116] L. Yang et al., "Sea urchin-like Aucore@Pdshell electrocatalysts with high FAOR performance: Coefficient of lattice strain and electrochemical surface area," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 260, p. 118200, 2020/01/01/ 2020.
[117] K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, "The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles:  The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 668-677, 2003/01/01 2003.