全球氣候變遷可能直接或間接的衝擊人類生存條件及健康，其中氣象因子的改變可能影響自然生態及環境中植物、動物及各類微生物之繁衍生長情形、分布及傳染途徑，導致疾病流行的嚴重程度與分布因而改變。特別是透過水及蟲為媒介傳播之疾病對於氣候條件之變異特別敏感，而氣候變遷伴隨著各類生態系統之變化及對於生物多樣性之影響，亦可能間接影響微生物與各物種間之平衡狀態，進一步對人類族群帶來人畜共通與新興傳染病之危害。氣候暖化及其所伴隨之雨量變化也間接影響植物及各類微生物之生長情形，平均溫度上升除了會影響到植物的生長週期外，也進一步會影響其開花及產生之花粉量，許多的異常氣候事件亦會影響到大氣中真菌孢子及花粉等過敏源的組成及含量，因而對過敏性呼吸道疾病如氣喘等造成衝擊。
本研究彙整台灣各類現有的疾病監視系統、醫院每日門診、氣象因子及環境量測因子之時序性資料，並利用地理資訊系統整合各項因子之空間分布資料，用以分析探討氣象因子與極端天氣事件對於生物性危害因子及其相關疾病之影響。就蟲媒疾病而言，利用時序性分析發現每月之平均最低溫、相對溼度及最高溫與登革熱之每月發生率有顯著的相關性，而該時序性模式套用每月氣象因子參數亦可有效預測未來每月的發生率。另外，較溫暖的冬天及人口密度亦是決定登革熱流行空間分布之重要影響因子，而隨著全島平均溫度及人口密度提升，預測將可能使登革熱流行傳播地區因而擴展增加。就水媒傳播疾病而言，雨量的減少與桿菌性痢疾流行地區案例的增加呈現顯著相關。另外，暴雨事件及長時間低降水量亦可能導致民生用地下水源受到糞便污染而爆發大規模之桿菌性痢疾疫情。上述之相關性探討與模式分析，未來可配合情境模擬及氣象模式推估預測，進一步應用於傳染性疾病疫情預警系統中。
本研究長期監測南部地區大氣中真菌孢子濃度，相關分析結果亦顯示台灣地區大氣中真菌孢子在沙塵暴事件中顯著升高，組成亦有明顯之改變，而隨著懸浮微粒濃度升高，特定真菌孢子濃度亦隨之升高。而利用台灣第一個完整監測每日真菌孢子組成及濃度之資料庫，本研究亦針對個別真菌孢子，利用時序性分析建構出結合氣象因子之預測模式，此模式在臨床過敏性疾病的預防上，可應用於建立每日真菌孢子濃度之預報系統。而終年的累積雨量及累積溫度對於Ascospores 及Botrytis 終年累積濃度有非常顯著之正相關，顯示若天氣持續暖化將有助於增加大氣中特定真菌孢子之總量。本研究亦發現每日監測之真菌孢子濃度亦與每日門診之氣喘人次有顯著之正相關，此相關性並且在兒童族群最為顯著，並隨著年齡層升高而相關性明顯降低。另外，本研究亦發現真菌孢子與空氣污染同時暴露的情況下，對於每日氣喘門診人次之升高有一加乘效應。
本研究利用一系列之資料蒐集與分析，針對氣象因子或異常天氣事件影響生物性危害相關疾病之問題一一提出佐證，此研究提供相關氣象變遷對於地區性健康危害之潛在衝擊相關證據，依據這些相關性模式與劑量效應關係，可提供未來在地區性適應方案及疾病預防措施研擬上相當重要之依據。

Global climate change has been implicated in altering environment and ecosystem, and resulted in significant impacts on human health. As climatic factors may influence vegetation and habitats in ecosystem, many biological agents with great potential to threaten human health, such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses, are also sensitive responders to climate change as their growth rates and transmission patterns can easily be affected with various severity. Meanwhile, many of these microbial agents are known to be directly or indirectly engaged in triggering an array of biological effects that are often considered attributable to the occurrence of several important health outcomes, including those mediated by infectious agents such as water-borne and vector-borne microbes, and effects associated with airborne pollens and fungal spores. How the pattern and degree of climate change around the world, in a global, regional, or local level, may affect the frequency and distribution of the above-mentioned health outcomes have become the center of interest in different parts of the world.
In this study, Geography Information System (GIS) was applied to integrate existing databases of health surveillance, climatic and environmental measurements in Taiwan to study the effects of weather variability and extreme weather events on biological agents and their related health effects. For vector borne diseases, monthly weather parameters, including minimum temperature, relative humidity, and maximum temperature, were good predictors for higher incidence of dengue fever in epidemic area in ARIMA model. The prediction model could also forecast the incidence for the upcoming years with good fitness. Moreover, warmer winter and higher population density seemed to be the determinants for identifying the spatial distribution of epidemic areas in Taiwan. Along with rising population density, increasing island-wide temperature might therefore contribute to geographical expansion of dengue fever transmission. For water/ food borne diseases, less rainfall was found to be a potential risk factors contributing to the increase of shigellosis in vulnerable areas. Excessive rainfall and dry season might be also associated with the large-scale outbreak of shigellosis that has been identified due to contamination in underground water. Based on these findings and models, we could develop a climate-based early warning system (EWS) for infectious diseases to predicting the temporal variability and geographical distribution in diseases incidence under a range of scenarios corresponding to future climate changes.
For the impacts of weather variability on aeroallergens, this present study demonstrated extreme weather events like dust storm from China would significantly increase regional atmospheric fungal spore levels, mostly through the rise of some particular fungal species. Such an observation was considered indirect evidence proposing the contribution of dust storms on ambient fungal spores. Our aeroallergens monitoring database was the first dataset conducted in Taiwan to create an annual calendar for daily ambient fungal spores. Based on this valuable database, we constructed a reliable model to predicted daily ambient level for each fungal spore while also taking into account the metrological factors using time-series analysis. Inter-annual variation could be expected for total yields of Ascospores and Botrytis as they were highly correlated with accumulated degrees of temperature and the amount of rainfall on an annual basis. This information could provide a precaution for improving other avoidance strategy for those allergic subjects. The clinical visit of asthma was found to be associated with the increase of ambient fungal spores, and young children appeared to be the more vulnerable population to such an exposure. A synergistic effect from ambient fungal spores and particulate matter pollution on the elevated risk of clinic visits due to asthma was also observed.
This research has generated a series of evidences on the potential health impacts mediated by biological agents while their distributions might have been also heavily associated with weather variability and extreme weather events in Taiwan. These assessments have not only provided a factual linkage between climate changes and health impacts, but also demonstrated specific dose-response relationships, from which a preventive strategy can be effectively formed for vulnerable populations in anticipation of more rapid change of climate in our geographic region.

Al-Suwaine A. S., Bahkali A. H. and Hasnain S. M.,1999. Seasonal incidence of airborne fungal allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mycopathologia. 145(1): 15-22.
Alamanos Y., Maipa V., Levidiotou S. and Gessouli E.,2000. A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to Shigella sonnei. Epidemiology & Infection. 125(3): 499-503.
Anderson W., Prescott G. J., Packham S., Mullins J., Brookes M. and Seaton A.,2001. Asthma admissions and thunderstorms: a study of pollen, fungal spores, rainfall, and ozone. Qjm 94(8): 429-33.
Angulo-Romero J., Mediavilla-Molina A. and Dominguez-Vilches E.,1999. Conidia of Alternaria in the atmosphere of the city of Cordoba, Spain in relation to meteorological parameters. International Journal of Biometeorology 43(1): 45-9.
Anonymous,2004. Center for Disease Control, Taiwan 2004 Annual Report, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Executive Yuan.
Anto J. M. and Sunyer J.,1997. Thunderstorms: a risk factor for asthma attacks.[comment]. Thorax. 52(8): 669-70.
Atherholt T. B., Lechevalier M. W., Norton W. D. and Rosen J. S.,1998. Effect of rainfall on Giardia and cryptosporidiosis. Journal of American Water Works Association.
Baily T. C. and Gatrell A. C.,1995. Interactive spatial data analysis. Essex, England, Longman Group Limited.
Banerjee T. K., Patwari A. K., Dutta R., Anand V. K. and Chabra A.,2002. Cladosporium bantianum meningitis in a neonate. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 69(8): 721-3.
Bardana E. J.,1981. The clinical spectrum of aspergillosis- Part 1: epidemiology, pathogenicity, infection in animals and immunology of Aspergillus. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Science 13: 21-83.
Bastain T. M., Gilliland F. D., Li Y. F., Saxon A. and Diaz-Sanchez D.,2003. Intraindividual reproducibility of nasal allergic responses to diesel exhaust particles indicates a susceptible phenotype. Clinical Immunology 109(2): 130-6.
Bernard S. M., Samet J. M., Grambsch A., Ebi K. L. and Romieu I.,2001. The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 Suppl 2: 199-209.
Black P. N., Udy A. A. and Brodie S. M.,2000. Sensitivity to fungal allergens is a risk factor for life-threatening asthma. Allergy 55(5): 501-4.
Bockemuhl J.,1976. Salmonellosis and shigellosis in Togo (West Africa), 1971-1973. I. Carrier rates in the rural population. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie. 27(1): 112-20.
Boehlecke B., Hazucha M., Alexis N. E., Jacobs R., Reist P., Bromberg P. A. and Peden D. B.,2003. Low-dose airborne endotoxin exposure enhances bronchial responsiveness to inhaled allergen in atopic asthmatics.[comment]. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 112(6): 1241-3.
Bornehag C. G., Blomquist G., Gyntelberg F., Jarvholm B., Malmberg P., Nordvall L., Nielsen A., Pershagen G. and Sundell J.,2001. Dampness in buildings and health. Nordic interdisciplinary review of the scientific evidence on associations between exposure to "dampness" in buildings and health effects (NORDDAMP). Indoor Air-International Journal of Indoor Air Quality & Climate 11(2): 72-86.
Box G. E. P., Jenkins G. M. and Reinsel G. C.,1994. Time series analysis - Forecasting and control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, Prentice Hall.
Bransford K. J. and Lai J. A.,2002. MSJAMA: Global climate change and air pollution: common origins with common solutions. JAMA 287(17): 2285.
Brockwell P. J. and Davis R. A.,1998. Time Series: Theory and Methods. London, UK, Springer-Verlang.
Burch M. and Levetin E.,2002. Effects of meteorological conditions on spore plumes. International Journal of Biometeorology. 46(3): 107-17.
Burge H. A.,2002. An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 110(4): 544-52.
Burge H. A., Levetin E., Muilenberg M. L. and Solomon W.,1997. Aeroallergen--Identification course. 1997 AAAAI/AAI/CIS/Joint Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology.
Burge H. A. and Rogers C. A.,2000. Outdoor allergens. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 Suppl 4: 653-9.
Burge H. P., Boise J. R., Rutherford J. A. and Solomon W. R.,1977. Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable modes of volumetric collection. Mycopathologia. 61(1): 27-33.
Bush R. K. and Portnoy J. M.,2001. The role and abatement of fungal allergens in allergic diseases. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 107(3 Suppl): S430-40.
Bush R. K. and Prochnau J. J.,2004. Alternaria-induced asthma. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 113(2): 227-34.
Cakmak S., Dales R. E., Burnett R. T., Judek S., Coates F. and Brook J. R.,2002. Effect of airborne allergens on emergency visits by children for conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Lancet. 359(9310): 947-8.
Celenza A., Fothergill J., Kupek E. and Shaw R. J.,1996. Thunderstorm associated asthma: a detailed analysis of environmental factors.[see comment]. Bmj. 312(7031): 604-7.
Center for Disease Control D. o. H., Executive Yuan, Taiwan,2004. Statistics of communicable diseases and surveillance report in Taiwan area, 2002, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Chadee D. D., Williams F. L. and Kitron U. D.,2005. Impact of vector control on a dengue fever outbreak in Trinidad, West Indies, in 1998. Tropical Medicine & International Health 10(8): 748-54.
Chao D. Y., Kao S. T., Chen K. T., Pan T. M., Chang H. J., Wu T. N. and Hung C. B.,1997. Investigation of risk factors associated with a Bacillary Dysentery outbreak in a primary school in Taoyuan County. Epidemiologu Bulletin 13(1): 1-13.
Charron D., Thomas M., Waltner-Toews D., Aramini J., Edge T., Kent R., Maarouf A. and Wilson J.,2004. Vulnerability of waterborne diseases to climate change in Canada: a review. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health Part A 67(20-22): 1667-77.
Checkley W., Epstein L. D., Gilman R. H., Figueroa D., Cama R. I., Patz J. A. and Black R. E.,2000. Effect of El Nino and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children. Lancet. 355(9202): 442-50.
Chen J. H., Chiou C. S., Chen P. C., Liao T. L., Liao T. L., Li J. M. and Hsu W. B.,2003. Molecular epidemiology of Shigella in a Taiwan township during 1996 to 2000. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41: 3078-3088.
Chen K. T., Chen C. J. and Chiu J. P.,2001. A school waterborne outbreak involving both Shigella sonnei and Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Environmental Health. 64(4): 9-13, 26.
Chen V. W.,1993. Smoking and the health gap in minorities. Annals of Epidemiology. 3(2): 159-64.
Chew F. T., Lim S. H., Goh D. Y. and Lee B. W.,1999. Sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in Singapore. Allergy 54(11): 1150-9.
Chin J.,2000. Control of communicable diseases manual. Washington, DC, American Public Health Association.
Chung D. C., Ko Y. C., Chen C. J., Chen E. R., Wu C. C. and Wu P. S.,1989. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among parenteral drug abusers in southern Taiwan. Journal of Medical Virology. 28(4): 215-8.
Colakoglu G.,1996. Fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the Anatolia quarter of Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 36(3): 155-62.
Cosentino S., Pisano P. L., Fadda M. E. and Palmas F.,1990. Pollen and mold allergy: aerobiologic survey in the atmosphere of Cagliari, Italy (1986-1988). Annals of Allergy. 65(5): 393-400.
Craig R. L. and Levetin E.,2000. Multi-year study of Ganoderma aerobiology. Aerobiologia 16: 75-81.
Crimi P., Minale P., Tazzer C., Zanardi S. and Ciprandi G.,2001. Asthma and rhinitis in schoolchildren: the impact of allergic sensitization to aeroallergens. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 11(2): 103-6.
Cuijpers C. E., Swaen G. M., Wesseling G., Sturmans F. and Wouters E. F.,1995. Adverse effects of the indoor environment on respiratory health in primary school children. Environmental Research 68(1): 11-23.
Curriero F. C., Patz J. A., Rose J. B. and Lele S.,2001. The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994.[see comment]. American Journal of Public Health. 91(8): 1194-9.
D'Amato G., Chatzigeorgiou G., Corsico R., Gioulekas D., Jager L., Jager S., Kontou-Fili K., Kouridakis S., Liccardi G., Meriggi A., Palma-Carlos A., Palma-Carlos M. L., Pagan Aleman A., Parmiani S., Puccinelli P., Russo M., Spieksma F. T., Torricelli R. and Wuthrich B.,1997. Evaluation of the prevalence of skin prick test positivity to Alternaria and Cladosporium in patients with suspected respiratory allergy. A European multicenter study promoted by the Subcommittee on Aerobiology and Environmental Aspects of Inhalant Allergens of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 52(7): 711-6.
Dales R. E., Cakmak S., Burnett R. T., Judek S., Coates F. and Brook J. R.,2000. Influence of ambient fungal spores on emergency visits for asthma to a regional children's hospital. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 162(6): 2087-90.
Dales R. E., Cakmak S., Judek S., Dann T., Coates F., Brook J. R. and Burnett R. T.,2003. The role of fungal spores in thunderstorm asthma. Chest. 123(3): 745-50.
Dales R. E., Cakmak S., Judek S., Dann T., Coates F., Brook J. R. and Burnett R. T.,2004. Influence of outdoor aeroallergens on hospitalization for asthma in Canada.[see comment]. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 113(2): 303-6.
de Wit P. J. and Joosten M. H.,1999. Avirulence and resistance genes in the Cladosporium fulvum-tomato interaction. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2(4): 368-73.
Decco M. L., Wendland B. I. and O'Connell E. J.,1998. Volumetric assessment of airborne pollen and spore levels in Rochester, Minnesota, 1992 through 1995. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 73(3): 225-9.
Delfino R. J., Coate B. D., Zeiger R. S., Seltzer J. M., Street D. H. and Koutrakis P.,1996. Daily asthma severity in relation to personal ozone exposure and outdoor fungal spores. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 154(3 Pt 1): 633-41.
Delfino R. J., Zeiger R. S., Seltzer J. M., Street D. H., Matteucci R. M., Anderson P. R. and Koutrakis P.,1997. The effect of outdoor fungal spore concentrations on daily asthma severity. Environmental Health Perspectives. 105(6): 622-35.
Di Giorgio C., Krempff A., Guiraud H., Binder P., Tiret C. and Dumenil G.,1996. Atmospheric pollution by airborne microorganisms in the city of Marseilles. Atmospheric Environment 30: 155-160.
Dill I. and Niggemann B.,1996. Domestic fungal viable propagules and sensitization in children with IgE mediated allergic diseases. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 7(3): 151-5.
Dziadzio L. and Bush R. K.,2001. Assessment and control of fungal allergens. Current Allergy & Asthma Reports 1(5): 455-60.
Easterling D. R., Meehl G. A., Parmesan C., Changnon S. A., Karl T. R. and Mearns L. O.,2000. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289(5487): 2068-74.
Edwards P. and Canadian Public Health A.,2001. Climate change, air pollution and your health. Canadian Journal of Public Health Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 92(3): suppl 1-24 following 200.
Eggleston P. A., Rosenstreich D., Lynn H., Gergen P., Baker D., Kattan M., Mortimer K. M., Mitchell H., Ownby D., Slavin R. and Malveaux F.,1998. Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner-city children with asthma. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 102(4 Pt 1): 563-70.
Epton M. J., Martin I. R., Graham P., Healy P. E., Smith H., Balasubramaniam R., Harvey I. C., Fountain D. W., Hedley J. and Town G. I.,1997. Climate and aeroallergen levels in asthma: a 12 month prospective study. Thorax 52(6): 528-34.
Fan P. C., Chung W. C., Soh C. T. and Kosman M. L.,1992. Eating habits of east Asian people and transmission of taeniasis. Acta Tropica. 50(4): 305-15.
Fleming C. A., Caron D., Gunn J. E., Horine M. S., Matyas B. T. and Barry M. A.,2000. An outbreak of Shigella sonnei associated with a recreational spray fountain. American Journal of Public Health. 90(10): 1641-2.
Frenz D. A.,1999. Comparing pollen and spore counts collected with the Rotorod Sampler and Burkard spore trap. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 83(5): 341-7; quiz 348-9.
Gagnon A. S., Smoyer-Tomic K. E. and Bush A. B.,2002. The El Nino southern oscillation and malaria epidemics in South America. International Journal of Biometeorology. 46(2): 81-9.
Galan I., Tobias A., Banegas J. R. and Aranguez E.,2003. Shot-term effects pf air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions. European Respiratory Journal 22: 802-808.
Garcia-Fulgueiras A., Sanchez S., Guillen J. J., Marsilla B., Aladuena A. and Navarro C.,2001. A large outbreak of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with consumption of fresh pasteurised milk cheese. European Journal of Epidemiology. 17(6): 533-8.
Garrett M. H., Rayment P. R., Hooper M. A., Abramson M. J. and Hooper B. M.,1998. Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 28(4): 459-67.
Genobile D., Gaston J., Tallis G. F., Gregory J. E., Griffith J. M., Valcanis M., Lightfoot D. and Marshall J. A.,2004. An outbreak of shigellosis in a child care centre. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 28(2): 225-9.
Gergen P. J. and Turkeltaub P. C.,1992. The association of individual allergen reactivity with respiratory disease in a national sample: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-80 (NHANES II). Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 90(4 Pt 1): 579-88.
Gioulekas D., Damialis A., Papakosta D., Spieksma F., Giouleka P. and Patakas D.,2004. Allergenic fungi spore records (15 years) and sensitization in patients with respiratory allergy in Thessaloniki-Greece. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 14(3): 225-31.
Gioulekas D., Damialis A., Papakosta D., Syrigou A., Mpaka G., Saxoni F. and Patakas D.,2003. 15-year aeroallergen records. Their usefulness in Athens Olympics, 2004. Allergy. 58(9): 933-8.
Girgis S. T., Marks G. B., Downs S. H., Kolbe A., Car G. N. and Paton R.,2000. Thunderstorm-associated asthma in an inland town in south-eastern Australia. Who is at risk? European Respiratory Journal. 16(1): 3-8.
Gracey M.,1992. Diarrhoea in Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Public Health. 16(3): 216-25.
Griffin D. W., Garrison V. H., Herman J. R. and Shinn E. A.,2001. African desert dust in the Carbbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health. Aerobiologia 17: 203-213.
Griffin D. W., Kellogg C. A., Garrison V. H., Lisle J. T., Borden T. C. and Shinn E. A.,2003. Atmospheric microbiology in northern Caribbean during African dust events. Aerobiologia 19: 143-157.
Gubler D.,1998. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11(3): 480-496.
Gubler D. J.,1998. The global pandemic of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: current status and prospects for the future. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 27(2): 227-34.
Gubler D. J.,2002. Epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends in Microbiology 10(2): 100-3.
Gubler D. J.,2004. The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: full circle? Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 27(5): 319-30.
Gubler D. J., Reiter P., Ebi K. L., Yap W., Nasci R. and Patz J. A.,2001. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(Suppl 2): 223-33.
Hales S., de Wet N., Maindonald J. and Woodward A.,2002. Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model.[see comment]. Lancet 360(9336): 830-4.
Hales S., Weinstein P., Souares Y. and Woodward A.,1999. El Nino and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission. Environmental Health Perspectives. 107(2): 99-102.
Hales S., Weinstein P. and Woodward A.,1996. Dengue fever epidemics in the South Pacific: driven by El Nino Southern Oscillation?. Lancet. 348(9042): 1664-5.
Halonen M., Stern D. A., Wright A. L., Taussig L. M. and Martinez F. D.,1997. Alternaria as a major allergen for asthma in children raised in a desert environment. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 155(4): 1356-61.
Hastie T. J. and Tibshirani R. J.,1990. Generalized Additive Models. New York, Chapman and Hall.
Hay S. I., Guerra C. A., Tatem A. J., Noor A. M. and Snow R. W.,2004. The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(6): 327-36.
Higgins B. G., Francis H. C., Yates C., Warburton C. J., Fletcher A. M., Pickering C. A. and Woodcock A. A.,2000. Environmental exposure to air pollution and allergens and peak flow changes. European Respiratory Journal 16(1): 61-6.
Ho H.-M., Rao C. Y., Hsu H.-H., Chiu Y.-H., Liu C.-M. and Chao H. J.,2005. Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien, Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment 39: 5839-5850.
Ho T. M., Tan B. H., Ismail S. and Bujang M. K.,1995. Seasonal prevalence of air-borne pollen and spores in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy & Immunology. 13(1): 17-22.
Horner R. D.,1990. Cancer mortality in Native Americans in North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health. 80(8): 940-4.
Horner W. E., Helbling A. and Lehrer S. B.,1993. Basidiomycete allergens: comparison of three Ganoderma species. Allergy. 48(2): 110-6.
Horner W. E., Helbling A., Salvaggio J. E. and Lehrer S. B.,1995. Fungal allergens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 8(2): 161-79.
Horner W. E., Levetin E. and Lehrer S. B.,1993. Basidiospore allergen release: elution from intact spores. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 92(2): 306-12.
Hurtado I., Leal Quevedo F. J., Rodriguez Ciodaro A., Garcia Gomez E. and Alson-Haran J.,1989. A one year survey of airborne pollen and spores in the neotropical city of Bogota (Colombia). Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 17(2): 95-104.
Husar R. B., Tratt D. M., Schichtel B. A., Falke S. R., Li F., Jaffe D., Gassó S., Gill T., Laulainen N. S., Lu F., Reheis M. C., Chun Y., Westphal D., Holben B. N., Gueymard C., McKendry I., Kuring N., Feldman G. C., McClain C., Frouin R. J., Merrill J., DuBois D., Vignola F., Murayama T., Nickovic S., Wilson W. E., Sassen K., Sugimoto N. and Malm W. C.,2001. The Asian Dust Events of April 1998. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(18): 317-330.
Imshenetsky A. A., Lysenko S. V. and Lach S. P.,1979. Microorganisms of the upper layer of the atmosphere and the protective role of their cell pigments. Life Sciences & Space Research. 17: 105-10.
Ingold C. T. and Hudson H. J.,1993. The Biology of Fungi, Chapman Hall.
Kapperud G., Rorvik L. M., Hasseltvedt V., Hoiby E. A., Iversen B. G., Staveland K., Johnsen G., Leitao J., Herikstad H., Andersson Y. and et al.,1995. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 33(3): 609-14.
Karl T. R., Knight R. W. and Plummer N.,1995. Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century. Nature 377: 217-20.
Kauffman H. F., Tomee J. F., van der Werf T. S., de Monchy J. G. and Koeter G. K.,1995. Review of fungus-induced asthmatic reactions. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 151(6): 2109-15; discussion 2116.
Kauffman H. F. and van der Heide S.,2003. Exposure, sensitization, and mechanisms of fungus-induced asthma. Current Allergy & Asthma Reports 3(5): 430-7.
Kay B. H., Prakash G. and Andre R. G.,1995. Aedes albopictus and other Aedes (Stegomyia) species in Fiji. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11: 230-234.
Kelly-Hope L. A., Purdie D. M. and Kay B. H.,2004. El Nino Southern Oscillation and Ross River virus outbreaks in Australia. Vector Borne & Zoonotic Diseases 4(3): 210-3.
Kerkhof M., Droste J. H., de Monchy J. G., Schouten J. P. and Rijcken B.,1996. Distribution of total serum IgE and specific IgE to common aeroallergens by sex and age, and their relationship to each other in a random sample of the Dutch general population aged 20-70 years. Dutch ECRHS Group, European Community Respiratory Health Study. Allergy. 51(11): 770-6.
Khan A. A. and Maibach H. I.,1967. Quantitation of Effect of Several Stimuli on Landing and Probing by Aedes aegypti. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 902-905.
Khin Nwe O., Sebastian A. A. and Aye T.,1989. Carriage of enteric bacterial pathogens by house flies in Yangon, Myanmar. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research. 7(3-4): 81-4.
Kidon M. I., See Y., Goh A., Chay O. M. and Balakrishnan A.,2004. Aeroallergen sensitization in pediatric allergic rhinitis in Singapore: is air-conditioning a factor in the tropics? Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 15(4): 340-3.
Kim K., Harvell C. D., Kim P. D., Smith G. W. and Merkel S. M.,2000. Fungal disease resistance of Caribbean sea fan corals (Gorgonia spp.). Marine Biology 136(2): 259-267.
Kistemann T., Classen T., Koch C., Dangendorf F., Fischeder R., Gebel J., Vacata V. and Exner M.,2002. Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 68(5): 2188-97.
Kittayapong P. and Strickman D.,1993. Distribution of container-inhabiting Aedes larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) at a dengue focus in Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology 30: 601-606.
Klironomos J. N., Rillig M. C., Allen M. F., Zak D. R., Pregitzer K. S. and Kubiske M. E.,1964. Increased levels of airborne fungal spores in response to Populus tremuloides grown under elevated atmospheric CO2. Canadian Journal of Botany Review 75: 1670-3.
Ko Y. C. and Chung D. C.,1991. Transmission of hepatitis B virus infection by iatrogenic intramuscular injections in an endemic area. Kao-Hsiung i Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih [Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences]. 7(6): 313-7.
Koivikko A., Viander M. and Lanner A.,1991. Use of the extended Phadebas RAST panel in the diagnosis of mould allergy in asthmatic children. Allergy 46(2): 85-91.
Kouri G., Guzman M. G., Valdes L., Carbonel I., del Rosario D., Vazquez S., Laferte J., Delgado J. and Cabrera M. V.,1998. Reemergence of dengue in Cuba: a 1997 epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4(1): 89-92.
Kuhn K., Campbell-Lendrum D., Haines A. and Cox J.,2005. Using climate to predict infectious disease epidemics. Geneva, World Health Organization: 7-55.
Kumanyika S. K.,1993. Diet and nutrition as influences on the morbidity/mortality gap. Annals of Epidemiology. 3(2): 154-8.
Kumar A., Sharma S. K., Padbidri V. S., Thakare J. P., Jain D. C. and Datta K. K.,2001. An outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas of northern India. Journal of Communicable Diseases 33(4): 274-81.
Kwaasi A. A., Parhar R. S., al-Mohanna F. A., Harfi H. A., Collison K. S. and al-Sedairy S. T.,1998. Aeroallergens and viable microbes in sandstorm dust. Potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailments. Allergy. 53(3): 255-65.
Lansdowne C. and Hacker C. S.,1975. The effect of fluctuating temperature and humidity on the adult life table characteristics of five strains of Aedes aegypti. Journal of Medical Entomology 11(6): 723-33.
Lehrer S. B., Hughes J. M., Altman L. C., Bousquet J., Davies R. J., Gell L., Li J., Lopez M., Malling H. J., Mathison D. A. and et al.,1994. Prevalence of basidiomycete allergy in the USA and Europe and its relationship to allergic respiratory symptoms. Allergy 49(6): 460-5.
Lehrer S. B., Lopez M., Butcher B. T., Olson J., Reed M. and Salvaggio J. E.,1986. Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 78(3 Pt 1): 478-85.
Lei H. Y., Huang J. H., Huang K. J. and Chang C.,2002. Status of dengue control programme in Taiwan- 2001. Dengue Bulletin 26: 14-23.
Levetin E.,1989. Basidiospore identification. Annals of Allergy 62: 306-310.
Levetin E.,1990. Studies on airborne basidiospores. Aerobiologia 6: 177-180.
Levetin E. and Horner W. E.,2002. Fungal aerobiology: exposure and measurement. Chemical Immunology 81: 10-27.
Levetin E. and Horowitz L.,1978. A one-year survey of the airborne molds of Tulsa, Oklahoma. I. Outdoor survey. Annals of Allergy. 41(1): 21-4.
Lierl M. B. and Hornung R. W.,2003. Relationship of outdoor air quality to pediatric asthma exacerbations.[see comment]. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 90(1): 28-33.
Lindback H., Lindback J., Tegnell A., Janzon R., Vene S. and Ekdahl K.,2003. Dengue fever in travelers to the tropics, 1998 and 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9(4): 438-42.
Lipp E. K., Huq A. and Colwell R. R.,2002. Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15(4): 757-70.
Liu A. H.,2002. Endotoxin exposure in allergy and asthma: reconciling a paradox.[see comment]. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 109(3): 379-92.
Lopez M. and Salvaggio J. E.,1985. Mold-sensitive asthma. Clinical Reviews in Allergy 3(2): 183-96.
Lu K. L., Jiang D. D., Pan T. M., Chang N. J., Chou S. M., Lai M. H., Chen K. T., Wu T. N. and Horng C. B.,1998. A shigellosis outbreak at primary school in Kuanhsi, Hsinchu County. Epidemiology Bulletin 14(5): 77-85.
Luley C. J. and McNabb H. S.,1989. Ascospore production, release, germination, and infection of Populus by Mycosphaerella populorum. Phytopathology
79: 1013-1018.
Lutz B. D., Jin J., Rinaldi M. G., Wicks B. L. and Huycke M. M.,2003. Outbreak of invasive Aspergillus infection in surgical patients, associated with a contaminated air-handling system. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37: 786-93.
Malakooti M. A., Alaii J., Shanks G. D. and Phillips-Howard P. A.,1997. Epidemic dysentery in western Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. 91(5): 541-3.
Marcus U., Zucs P., Bremer V., Hamouda O., Prager R., Tschaepe H., Futh U. and Kramer M.,2004. Shigellosis - a re-emerging sexually transmitted infection: outbreak in men having sex with men in Berlin. International Journal of STD & AIDS 15(8): 533-7.
Mariani C. L., Platt S. R., Scase T. J., Howerth E. W., Chrisman C. L. and Clemmons R. M.,2002. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium spp. in two domestic shorthair cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 38(3): 225-30.
Maurer A. M. and Sturchler D.,2000. A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switzerland, 1998. Epidemiology & Infection. 125(2): 325-32.
McCarthy J. J., Canziani O. F., Leary N. A., Dokken D. J. and White K. S.,2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
McMichael A. J., Haines A., Kovats R. S. and Slooff R.,1996. Climate change and human health. Geneva, WHO.
Mitakakis T., Ong E. K., Stevens A., Guest D. and Knox R. B.,1997. Incidence of Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in the atmosphere of Melbourne (Australia) over three years. Aerobiologia 13: 83-90.
Moore A. C., Herwaldt B. L., Craun G. F., Calderon R. L., Highsmith A. K. and Juranek D. D.,1993. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks--United States, 1991-1992. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. CDC Surveillance Summaries. 42(5): 1-22.
Moran P., Nhandara C., Hove I., Charimari L., Katito C., Bradley M. and Williams M. A.,1997. Contamination of traditional drinking water sources during a period of extreme drought in the Zvimba communal lands, Zimbabwe.[erratum appears in Cent Afr J Med 1998 Jul;44(7):189]. Central African Journal of Medicine. 43(11): 316-21.
Newson R., Strachan D., Corden J. and Millington W.,2000. Fungal and other spore counts as predictors of admissions for asthma in the Trent region. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 57(11): 786-92.
Niemeijer N. R. and de Monchy J. G.,1992. Age-dependency of sensitization to aero-allergens in asthmatics. Allergy 47(4 Pt 2): 431-5.
Nolles G., Hoekstra M. O., Schouten J. P., Gerritsen J. and Kauffman H. F.,2001. Prevalence of immunoglobulin E for fungi in atopic children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 31(10): 1564-70.
O'Neil C. E., Hughes J. M., Butcher B. T., Salvaggio J. E. and Lehrer S. B.,1988. Basidiospore extracts: evidence for common antigenic/allergenic determinants. International Archives of Allergy & Applied Immunology 85(2): 161-6.
Ooi E. E., Goh K. T. and Gubler D. J.,2006. Dengue Prevention and 35 Years of Vector Control in Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(6).
Packe G. E. and Ayres J. G.,1985. Asthma outbreak during a thunderstorm. Lancet. 2(8448): 199-204.
Pan T. M., wang T. K., Lai M. H., Tsai S. F., Wang C. M. and Hsu S. M.,1997. Bacillary Dysentery in Taiwan area in 1995 and 1996. Epidemiologu Bulletin 13(9): 151-161.
Parker A. H.,1952. The Effect of a Difference in Temperature and Humidity on Certain Reactions of Female Aedes Aegypti. Bulletin Entomology Research 43: 221-229.
Pascual M., Rodo X., Ellner S. P., Colwell R. and Bouma M. J.,2000. Cholera dynamics and El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Science. 289(5485): 1766-9.
Patel K. R., Wyman J. A., Patel K. A. and Burden B. J.,1996. A Mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis Producing a Dark-Brown Pigment with Increased UV Resistance and Insecticidal Activity. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 67(2): 120-124.
Patz J. A., Hulme M., Rosenzweig C., Mitchell T. D., Goldberg R. A., Githeko A. K., Lele S., McMichael A. J. and Le Sueur D.,2002. Climate change: Regional warming and malaria resurgence.[comment]. Nature 420(6916): 627-8.
Patz J. A., Martens W. J., Focks D. A. and Jetten T. H.,1998. Dengue fever epidemic potential as projected by general circulation models of global climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. 106(3): 147-53.
Peat J. K., Tovey E., Mellis C. M., Leeder S. R. and Woolcock A. J.,1993. Importance of house dust mite and Alternaria allergens in childhood asthma: an epidemiological study in two climatic regions of Australia.[see comment]. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 23(10): 812-20.
Perzanowski M. S., Sporik R., Squillace S. P., Gelber L. E., Call R., Carter M. and Platts-Mills T. A.,1998. Association of sensitization to Alternaria allergens with asthma among school-age children. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 101(5): 626-32.
Phetsouvanh R., Midorikawa Y. and Nakamura S.,1999. The seasonal variation in the microbial agents implicated in the etiology of diarrheal diseases among children in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 30(2): 319-23.
Pirie R. S., Collie D. D., Dixon P. M. and McGorum B. C.,2003. Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma). Clinical & Experimental Allergy 33(5): 676-83.
Prado V., Lagos R., Nataro J. P., San Martin O., Arellano C., Wang J. Y., Borczyk A. A. and Levine M. M.,1999. Population-based study of the incidence of Shigella diarrhea and causative serotypes in Santiago, Chile. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 18(6): 500-5.
Qiu R. N.,2000. From multi-culture aepect to discuss aborigines' situation and their social welfare system in Taiwan. Conference of social welfare and social work education in twenty-one century, Taipei.
Rahaman M. M., Khan M. M., Aziz K. M., Islam M. S. and Kibriya A. K.,1975. An outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on a coral island in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 132(1): 15-9.
Reed W., Carroll J. and Agramonte A.,2001. Experimental yellow fever. 1901. Military Medicine 166(9 Suppl): 55-60.
Resano A., Sanz M. L. and Oehling A.,1998. Sensitization to Alternaria and Cladosporium in asthmatic patients and its in vitro diagnostic confirmation. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 8(6): 353-8.
Roberts A. and Kemp C.,2001. Infectious diseases of refugees and immigrants: dengue fever. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 13(6): 243-5.
Rodo X., Pascual M., Fuchs G. and Faruque A. S.,2002. ENSO and cholera: a nonstationary link related to climate change?[comment]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99(20): 12901-6.
Roesel T. R.,2005. Dengue in travelers.[comment]. New England Journal of Medicine 353(23): 2511-3; author reply 2511-3.
Rosas I., McCartney H. A., Payne R. W., Calderon C., Lacey J., Chapela R. and Ruiz-Velazco S.,1998. Analysis of the relationships between environmental factors (aeroallergens, air pollution, and weather) and asthma emergency admissions to a hospital in Mexico City. Allergy. 53(4): 394-401.
Rose J. B., Epstein P. R., Lipp E. K., Sherman B. H., Bernard S. M. and Patz J. A.,2001. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environmental Health Perspectives. 109(Suppl 2): 211-21.
Rosenberg T., Kendall O., Blanchard J., Martel S., Wakelin C. and Fast M.,1997. Shigellosis on Indian reserves in Manitoba, Canada: its relationship to crowded housing, lack of running water, and inadequate sewage disposal. American Journal of Public Health. 87(9): 1547-51.
Rosenfield D., Rudich Y. and Lahav R.,2001. Desert dust suppressing preciparation: A possible desertification feedback loop. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science 98: 5975-5980.
Rowley W. A. and Graham C. L.,1968. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the flight performance of female Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology 14(9): 1251-7.
Sabariego S., Diaz de la Guardia C. and Alba F.,2000. The effect of meteorological factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (southern Spain). International Journal of Biometeorology. 44(1): 1-5.
Salvaggio J., Seabury J. and Schoenhardt F. A.,1971. New Orleans asthma. V. Relationship between Charity Hospital asthma admission rates, semiquantitative pollen and fungal spore counts, and total particulate aerometric sampling data. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 48(2): 96-114.
Samonis G., Elting L., Skoulika E., Maraki S. and Tselentis Y.,1994. An outbreak of diarrhoeal disease attributed to Shigella sonnei. Epidemiology & Infection. 112(2): 235-45.
Schwartz J., Slater D., Larson T. V., Pierson W. E. and Koenig J. Q.,1993. Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. American Review of Respiratory Disease 147(4): 826-31.
Shouldice E., Fernandez C., McCully B., Schmidt M., Fraser R. and Cook C.,2003. Voriconazole treatment of presumptive disseminated Aspergillus infection in a child with acute leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25(9): 732-4.
Smith G. W., Ives L. D., I.A. N. and Ritchie K. B.,1996. Caribbean sea-fan mortalities. Nature 383: 487.
Sprenger J. D., Altman L. C., O'Neil C. E., Ayars G. H., Butcher B. T. and Lehrer S. B.,1988. Prevalence of basidiospore allergy in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 82(6): 1076-80.
St-Germain G. and Summerbell R.,1996. Identifying filamentous fungi. Belmont, Star Publishing Company.
Stennett P. J. and Beggs P. J.,2004. Alternaria spores in the atmosphere of Sydney, Australia, and relationships with meteorological factors. International Journal of Biometeorology 49(2): 98-105.
Stephen E., Raftery A. E. and Dowding P.,1990. Forecasting spore concentrations: a time series approach. International Journal of Biometeorology. 34(2): 87-9.
Stieb D. M., Beveridge R. C., Brook J. R., Smith-Doiron M., Burnett R. T., Dales R. E., Beaulieu S., Judek S. and Mamedov A.,2000. Air pollution, aeroallergens and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits in Saint John, Canada. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 10(5): 461-77.
Su H.-J. J., Wu P.-C., Lei H.-Y. and Wang J.-Y.,2005. Domestic Exposure to Fungi and Total Serum IgE Levels in Asthmatic Children. Mediators of Inflammation 3: 167-170.
Su H. J., Wu P. C., Chen H. L., Lee F. C. and Lin L. L.,2001. Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern Taiwan. Environmental Research 85(2): 135-44.
Sunyer J., Spix C. and Quenel P.,1997. Urban air pollution and emergency admissions for asthma in four European cities: the APHEA project. Thorax 52: 760-765.
Swaddiwudhipong W., Karintraratana S. and Kavinum S.,1995. A common-source outbreak of shigellosis involving a piped public water supply in northern Thai communities. Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. 98(3): 145-50.
Tagen I., Lacis A. A. and Fung I.,1996. The influence on climate forcing of mineral dust disturbed soils. Nature 380: 419-422.
Taylor D. A.,2002. Dust in the wind. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2): A80-7.
Terajima J., Tamura K., Hirose K., Izumiya H., Miyahara M., Konuma H. and Watanabe H.,2004. A multi-prefectural outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating oysters in Japan. Microbiology & Immunology 48(1): 49-52.
Thomson N.,1991. A review of aboringinal health status. Sydney, Australia, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Thu H. M., Aye K. M. and Thein S.,1998. The effect of temperature and humidity on dengue virus propagation in Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health 29(2): 280-4.
Tong S. and Hu W.,2001. Climate variation and incidence of Ross river virus in Cairns, Australia: a time-series analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(12): 1271-3.
Tong S., Hu W. and McMichael A. J.,2004. Climate variability and Ross River virus transmission in Townsville Region, Australia, 1985-1996. Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(2): 298-304.
Trasande L. and Thurston G. D.,2005. The role of air pollution in asthma and other pediatric morbidities. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 115: 689-699.
Troutt C. and Levetin E.,2001. Correlation of spring spore concentrations and meteorological conditions in Tulsa, Oklahoma. International Journal of Biometeorology 45(2): 64-74.
Tsai J. J., Kao M. H. and Huang S. L.,1997. Comparison of major aeroallergens in Taipei and Kin-Men. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 96(12): 985-9.
Tulchinsky T. H., Burla E., Clayman M., Sadik C., Brown A. and Goldberger S.,2000. Safety of community drinking-water and outbreaks of waterborne enteric disease: Israel, 1976-97. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78(12): 1466-73.
Tun-Lin W., Burkot T. R. and Kay B. H.,2000. Effects of temperature and larval diet on development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland, Australia. Medical & Veterinary Entomology 14(1): 31-7.
Vargas M., Gascon J., Casals C., Schellenberg D., Urassa H., Kahigwa E., Ruiz J. and Vila J.,2004. Etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 70(5): 536-9.
Venables K. M., Allitt U., Collier C. G., Emberlin J., Greig J. B., Hardaker P. J., Highham J. H., Laing-Morton T., Maynard R. L., Murray V., Strachan D. and Tee R. D.,1997. Thunderstorm-related asthma--the epidemic of 24/25 June 1994. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 27(7): 725-36.
Wade T. J., Sandhu S. K., Levy D., Lee S., LeChevallier M. W., Katz L. and Colford J. M., Jr.,2004. Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? American Journal of Epidemiology 159(4): 398-405.
Wang G. W. K. and Lai C. K. W.,2003. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Current Opinion in Pulmonary medicine 10: 62-66.
Watts D. M., Burke D. S., Harrison B. A., Whitmire R. E. and Nisalak A.,1987. Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 36(1): 143-52.
Weber R. W.,2002. Species of Cladosporium. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 89(6): A-6.
Weber R. W.,2003. Meteorologic variables in aerobiology. Immunology & Allergy Clinics of North America. 23(3): 411-22.
Woodruff R. E., Guest C. S., Garner M. G., Becker N., Lindesay J., Carvan T. and Ebi K.,2002. Predicting Ross River virus epidemics from regional weather data.[see comment]. Epidemiology 13(4): 384-93.
Wu P. C., Guo H. R., Lung S. C., Lin C. Y. and Su H. J.,2006. Weather as an Effective Predictor for Occurrence of Dengue Fever in Taiwan. Acta Tropica.
Wu P. C., Su H. J. and Lin C. Y.,2000. Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. The Science of the total Environment 253: 111-118.
Wu P. C., Tsai J. C., Li F. C., Lung S. C. and Su H. J.,2004. Increased levels of ambient fungal spores in Taiwan are associated with dust events from China. Atmospheric Environment 38(29): 4879-4886.
Yamashiro T., Nakasone N., Higa N., Iwanaga M., Insisiengmay S., Phounane T., Munnalath K., Sithivong N., Sisavath L., Phanthauamath B., Chomlasak K., Sisulath P. and Vongsanith P.,1998. Etiological study of diarrheal patients in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36(8): 2195-9.
Yang Y. L. and Chen S. H.,1998. An investigation of airborne pollen in Taipei City. Taiwan, 1993-1994. Journal of Plant Research 111: 501-508.
Yeo H. G. and Kim J. H.,2002. SPM anf fungal spores in the ambient air of west Korea during the Asian dust (Yellow sand) period. Atmospheric Environment 36: 5437-5442.
Zhou C. and Shu H.,2000. Environmental change of Taiwan and the assessment of vulnerability to the impacts of global change-climate. Taipei, National Science Council.
吳明進,1992. 臺灣的氣候-氣溫與降水. 大氣科學 20: 295-317.
姚銘輝,1999. 台灣地區日溫差之分析. 中華農學會報 188: 32-45.
翁國盈,1986. 台北氣候變化的趨勢及其都市氣候特性. 師大地理研究報告(12): 87-101.
莊秉潔 and 陳世煥,1994. 一九九三年旱災之醒思─大自然之反撲? 水資源研討會, 台灣教授協會.
陳國彥, 徐勝一, 邱逸民, Domroes M., D.Schaefer and 胡金印,1999. 台灣地區現代氣溫上升現象與全球暖化比較的研究. 師大地理研究報告 31(4): 277-281.
程萬里, 蕭令宜 and 陳奕祥,1995. 台灣地區氣候環境之變化趨勢. 東海學報 36(2): 29-54.
賴栗葦,2004. 近百年台灣地區氣溫變化之分析研究. 國立台灣大學地理環境資源研究所博士論文. Taipei, 國立台灣大學.