碳足跡與產品服務系統的生意概念皆為現今永續產業中備受矚目的議題。本文利用TRIZ中的物質場分析方法與案例對應方法為基礎，提出一套可設計具有低碳概念的產品服務系統之創新設計方法，並針對產品服務系統的特性提出一個初步的低碳效果評估工具，協助設計者能夠建構一個清楚且擁有低碳效果概念的產品服務系統概念。本文於產品服務系統的設計創新過程中，主要使用了四項工具，包括「系統階層分析圖」、「PSS策略因子」、「物質場分析法」與「案例分析」。系統階層分析圖為本研究所提出，用以呈現產品服務系統之架構與組成元素的分析示意功具，作為設計產品服務系統時所使用的平台；PSS策略因子為本研究所整理，與低碳效果有關的產品服務系統所使用的生意策略元素，用以提供設計者設計的參考建議；而物質場分析法與案例分析則是藉由重新整理並修改詮釋前人之研究，使其更適合應用於低碳概念與產品服務系統的設計上。本文利用本研究所提出之「低碳效果指標」與「產品服務系統低碳效果比較值, (PLCV)」作為低碳效果評估的工具，而此種評估方法主要來自比較產品服務系統的經營策略所造成的低碳效果優劣。各部份的研究工具與設計流程，均成功地以案例驗證了其使用的可行性。

The issues of carbon-footprint and PSS (product service system) are nowadays concerned by the fields of sustainable business and industrial management. This thesis proposes a low-carbon emission concept PSS innovative design method and an assessment to assist the designer developing clear concepts of low-carbon effective PSS.
The proposed low-carbon PSS design process consists of four tools (1) system layer analysis map, (2) PSS characteristic strategies, (3) su-field analysis method, and (4) case-based corresponding method. System layer analysis map is a platform to show the construction and elements of PSS and also to reveal the relationships of each element. PSS characteristic strategies are the guidelines which are arranged by this thesis when designing the PSS with low-carbon concepts. This thesis also rearranges and modifies the previous researches of su-field analysis method and case-based corresponding method for making them more appropriate for the design of PSS and the concept of low-carbon.
For the assessment of low-carbon effect, tools low-carbon effect indicators and PSS low-carbon effect comparison value (PLCV), were proposed and used in this thesis. And the main concept of these tools is analyzing the difference of the low-carbon states between the similar PSSs’ strategies to help the designer clarifies the low-carbon advantages and disadvantages of those PSSs. In the end of all the introduction of the tools and processes, the design cases demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method and process.

Abdalla, A., “TRIZ Innovation Management Approach for Problem Definition and Product Service Systems,” Shaker Verlag, Inc., Aachen, April, 2006.
Abdalla, A., Bitzer, B., and Morton, D., “Benchmarking TRIZ in the Field of Product Service Systems “PSS” ,” Proceedings of the 4th ETRIA TRIZ future Conference, Florence, Italy, pp. 3-5, Nov., 2004.
Altshuller, G., “And Suddenly the Inventor Appeared: TRIZ, The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving,” Technical Innovation Center, MA, 1996.
Baines, T. S., Lightfoot, H. W., Evans, S., Neely, A., Greenough, R., Peppard, J., Roy, R., Shehab, E., Braganza, A., Tiwari, Alcock, A., J. R., Angus, J. P., Bastl, M., Cousens, A., Irving, P., Johnson, M., Kingston,J., Lockett, H., Martinez, V., Michele, P., Tranfield, D., Walton, I. M., and Wilson, H., “State-of-the-art in product-service systems,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 221, pp.1543-1552, 2007.
Bariani, P. F., Berti, G. A., and Lucchetta, G., “A Combined DFMA and TRIZ Approach to the Simplification of Product Structure,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 218, pp. 1023-1027, 2004.
Bartolomeo, M., dal Maso, D., de Jong, P., Eder, P., Groenewegen, P., Hopkinson, P., James, P., Nijhuis, L., rninge, Mont, O., Scholl, G., Slob, A., and Zaring, O., “Eco-efficient Producer Services—What are They, How do They Benefit Customers and The Environment and How Likely are They to Develop and be Extensively Utilized ? ,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 11, No.8, pp. 829–837, 2003.
Behrendt, S., Jasch, C., Kortmap, J., Hrauda, G., Firzner, R., and Velte, D., “Eco-Service Development Reinventing Supply and Demand in the European Union,” Greenleaf, Sheffield, 2003.
Belsky, I., “Improve Your Thinking: Substance-field Analysis,” TRIZ4U, Melbourne.A., 2007.
Bey, N., and McAloone, T., “From LCA to PSS – Making Leaps Towards Sustainability by Applying Product/Service-system Thinking in Product Development,” 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Katholieke, Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, pp.571-576, 2006.
Boardman, B., “Achieving Energy Efficiency through Product Policy: the UK Experience,” Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 7, pp. 165-176, 2004.
Brezet, J.C., Bijma, A.S., Ehrenfeld, J., and Silvester, S., The Design of Eco-Efficient Services: Methods, Tools and Review of the Case Study Based 'Designing Eco-Efficient Services' Project, Design for Sustainability Program, Delft University of Technology, 2001.
BSI, “Guide to PAS 2050 – How to Assess the Carbon Footprint of Goods and Services,” BSI, London, 2008.
Chai, K.H., Zhang, J., and Tan, K.C., “A TRIZ-Based Method for New Service Design,” Journal of Service Research, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 8-48, 2005.
Chambers, N., and Lewis, K., “Ecological Footprinting Analysis: Towards a Sustainability Indicator for Business,” ACCA Research Report No.65, 2001.
Chen, J.L., and Huang, S.C., “Eco-Innovative Design of Product Service Systems by using the Substance-field Analysis Method” Hesselbach, J., Herrmann, C., Functional Thinking for Value Creation, pp.63-68, Proceedings of the 3rd CIRP International Conference on Industrial Product Service Systems, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 5th - 6th, 2011
Chen, J.L., and Huang,C.P., “An TRIZ Based Eco-innovation Method for PSS,” Proceedings of the 16th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Cairo, Egypt, May 4-6, 2009.
Chen, J.L., and Li, H.C., “Innovative Design Method of Product Service System by Using Case Study and TRIZ Method,” Proceedings of the 2nd CIRP International Conference on Industry Product Service Systems, Linkoping, Sweden, pp. 299-305, April 14-15, 2010.
Cook, M.B., Bhamra, T.A., and Lemonc, M., “The Transfer and Application of Product Service Systems: from academia to UK manufacturing firms,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.14, No.17, pp. 1455–1465, 2006.
Fey, V., and Rivin, E.I., “Innovation on Demand,” Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
Fujimoto, J., Poland, D., and Matsumoto, M., “Low-Carbon Society Scenario: ICT and Ecodesign,” The Information Society, Vol. 25:2, pp. 139-151, March 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240802701726

Goedkoop, M.J., van Halen, C. J.G., te Riele H. R.M., and Rommens, P. J.M., “Product Service Systems, Ecological and Economic Basics,” Report for the Dutch ministries of Environment (VROM) and Economic Affairs (EZ), pp. 17-25, March, 1999.
Herring, H., and Roy, R., “Technological Innovation, Energy Efficient Design and the Rebound Effect,” Technovation, Vol. 27, pp. 194-203, 2007.
Kondoh, S., Kurakwa, K., Kato, S., Umeda, Y., and Takata, S., “Analysis of Key Success Factors for Eco-Business through Case Studies in Japan,” Proceedings of LCE2006: The 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 275-280, May 31 ~ June 2, 2006.
Kondoh, S., and Mishima, N., “Case Based Idea Generation Method for Sustainable Businesses,” Hesselbach, J., Herrmann, C., Functional Thinking for Value Creation, pp.69-74 , Proceedings of the 3rd CIRP International Conference on Industrial Product Service Systems, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 5th - 6th, 2011
Lamvik, T., “Key Elements of Product Service Systems,” Going Green Care Innovation, Vienna, November, 2002.
Maeda, T., “Life Cycle Assessment of Internet Connection Services,” NTT Technical Review Vol. 3 No.3, pp.32-34, 2005.
Manzini, E., and Vezzoli, C., “A Strategic Design Approach to Develop Sustainable Product Service Systems: Examples Taken from the ‘Environmentally Friendly Innovation’ Italian prize,” Journal of Cleaner Production , Vol. 11, No.8, pp. 851–857, December, 2003.
Mont, O., and Lindhqvist, T., “The Role of Public Policy in Advancement of Product Service Systems,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 11, No.8, pp. 905-914, December, 2003.
Mont, O., and Tukker A., “Product-service Systems: Reviewing Achievements and Refining the Research Agenda,” Journal of Cleaner Production , Vol.14, No.17, pp. 1451-1454, 2006.
Mont, O., “Clarifying the Concept of Product Service System,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 237-245, 2002a.
Mont, O., “Functional Thinking-The Role of Functional Sales and Product Service Systems for a Function-Based Society,” Naturvårdsverket Rapport 5223 EPA, Stockholm, Swedish, pp. 55, 2002b.
Mont, O., “Institutionalisation of Sustainable Consumption Patterns Based on Shared Use,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 50, No.1-2, pp. 135-153, 2004a.
Mont, O., “Introducing and Developing a Product-service System (PSS) Concept in Sweden”. Lund: IIIEE, Lund University and NUTEK, pp. 124, 2001.
Mont, O., “Product-service Systems: Panacea or Myth? ,” Doctoral Dissertation. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, 2004b.
Mont, O., Dalhammar, C., and Jacobsson, N., “A New Business Model for Baby Prams Based on Leasing and Product Remanufacturing,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.14, No.17, pp. 1509-1518, 2006.
Morelli, N., “Developing New Product Service Systems (PSS): Methodologies and Operational Tools,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 14, No.17, pp. 1495-1501, 2006.
Morelli, N., “Product-service Systems: a Perspective Shift for Designers. A Case Study: the Design of a Telecentre,” Design Studies, Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 73-99, January, 2003.
Müller, P., Kebir, N., Stark, R., and Blessing, L., “PSS Layer Method – Application to Microenergy Systems,” in: Sakao, T., Lindahl, M., eds. Introduction to Product/Service-System Design, Part I, Chapter 1, Springer, 2009.
Pezzotta, G., Regazzoni, D., Cavalieri, S., and Rizzi, C.,“Enhancement in Industrial PSS Design Based on TRIZ: a Case Study,” , Hesselbach, J., Herrmann, C., Functional Thinking for Value Creation, pp.225-230 , Proceedings of the 3rd CIRP International Conference on Industrial Product Service Systems, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 5th - 6th, 2011.
Roy, R., “Sustainable Product-service Systems,” Department of Design and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, The Open University, 2000.
Rydh, C.J., “Environmental Assessment of Battery Systems in Life Cycle Management,” Licentiate Thesis, Department Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Chalmers University Technology, Sweden, 2001.
Sakao, T., and Lindahl, M., “Introduction to Product/Service-system Design,” Springer, London, 2009.
Sakao, T., Shimomura, Y., Sundin, E., and Comstock M., “Modeling Design Objects in CAD System for Service/Product Engineering,” Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 41, pp. 197-213, 2009.
Sakao,T., Paulsson, S., and Müller, P., “Integrated Evaluation of a PSS Business Case and a PSS Design Method – Application of the PSS Layer Method to an Industrial Drilling Solution” , Hesselbach, J., and Herrmann, C., Functional Thinking for Value Creation, pp.153-158 , Proceedings of the 3rd CIRP International Conference on Industrial Product Service Systems, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 5th - 6th, 2011
Soderlin, P., “Thoughts on Substance-Field Models and 76 Standards. Do we need all of the Standards? ,” The TRIZ journal, March, 2003.
http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2003/03/f/06.pdf

Terninko, J., Domb, A., and Miller J., “The Seventy-six Standard Solutions, with Examples Section One ,” The TRIZ journal, February, 2000.
http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2000/02/g/article7_02-2000.PDF

Tukker, A., and Tischner, U., “Product-services as a Research Field: Past, Present and Future. Reflections from a Decade of Research,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 14, No.17, pp. 1552-1556, 2006.
Tukker, A., “Eight Types of Product Service System: Eight Ways to Sustainability? experiences from suspronet,” Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 13, No.4, pp. 246–260, 2004.
Tukker, A., “The Potential of CO2-Reduction from Household Consumption by Product-Service Systems – A Reflection from SusProNet,” Workshop Life cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption, organized by SNTT, Tokyo, Japan, December 2003.
Tukker, A., and Tischner, U., “New Business for Old Europe. Product-Service Development, Competitiveness and Sustainability,” Greenleaf, Sheffield, 2006.
Umeda, Y., Nishioka, T., Fukushige, S., Kondoh, S., and Takata, S., “Proposal of Idea Generation Support Methodology for Eco-business” The 41st CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, pp. 501-506, 2008.
Weber, C., Steinbach, M., Botta, C., and Deubel, T., “Modeling of Product-service Systems (PSS) Based on the PDD Approach,” International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, pp. 547-554, 2004.
Weidema, Bo P., Thrane, M., Christensen, P., Schmidt,J., and Løkke, S., “Carbon Footprint A Catalyst for Life Cycle Assessment? ,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 12, Num. 1, pp. 3-6, Yale University, 2008.
Wiedmann, T., and Minx, J., “A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’,” ISAUK Research and Consulting, UK, Durham, June 2007.
Zaring, O., Matteo, B., Eder, P., Hopkinson, P., Groenewegen, P., James, P., de Jong, P., Nijhuis, L., Scholl, G., Slob, A., and Örninge, M., “Creating Eco-Efficient Producer Services,” report of an EU project. Gothenburg Research Institute, Gothenburg, 2001.
Zhang, J., Chai, K.H., and Tan, K.C., “40 Inventive Principles with Applications in Service Operations Management,” The TRIZ Journal, September, 2003.
http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/1999/09/a/index.htm
王文娟　等人，產品服務化對資源使用效益提升之探討，行政院環境保護署委託計劃期末成果報告(編號：EPA-95-U1H1-02-101)，中華經濟研究院，2007年8月。
呂幸軒，以案例式推理輔助產品服務系統策略之選定，碩士論文，國立成功大學資源工程學系，2009年6月。
李厚諄，運用案例分析與TRIZ之產品服務系統創新設計方法研究，碩士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學系，2009年6月。
張祥唐，柯雅娟，整合TRIZ物質-場模型與標準解於綠色創新設計之研究，第十一屆中華民國設計學會設計學術研討會，台中，東海大學，2006年5月。
黃士哲，以物質場分析法發展產品服務系統創新設計，碩士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學系，2010年6月。
黃正忠，「企業永續發展簡訊」第20 期，企業永續發展協會，1999。
黃志平，TRIZ方法為基礎之產品服務系統創新設計方法，碩士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學系，2008年6月。
Carbon Trust, Retrieved June 15,.2011.
Website：http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/cut-carbon-reduce-costs/products-services/default/pages/online-training-tool.aspx
SCORE, Retrieved June 15,.2011.
Website：http://www.score-network.org/score/score_module/index.php?cat_name=cat_t_sco_libr&x=2
Suspronet, Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Website：
http://www.suspronet.org/fs_form_coordinator.htm