隨著人工智慧（AI）工具迅速整合到工作流程中，員工面臨源自於這項技術的壓力日益增加。本研究以資源保存理論（COR）為主要理論基礎，探討AI壓力（AIS）對員工韌性（ER）的影響。此外，本研究也借鑒工作要求－資源模型理論，檢視組織支持（訓練方案 (TP) 與知覺組織支持 (POS)）是否能緩衝AI壓力對員工韌性的負面影響，或直接提升工作表現（WP）。
我們針對台灣兩家特定的製造業中小企業，進行了兩階段的線上問卷調查與訪談。研究結果顯示，AI壓力對員工韌性有負面影響，符合COR理論。知覺組織未能調節AI壓力與員工韌性之間的關係，但對工作表現有直接且正面的影響。相反地，訓練方案則能正向調節AI壓力與員工韌性之間的關係，但未能影響工作表現。最後，證明員工韌性顯著影響工作表現。本研究結果能讓學者和管理階層更加了解員工如何應對AI壓力以及組織能提供何種支持來給予協助。

As artificial intelligence (AI) tools rapidly integrate into workplace processes, employees increasingly face stress stemming from this technology. This study explores the impact of AI stress (AIS) on employee resilience (ER) by using Conservation of Resources (COR) theory as the primary theoretical base. Drawing on Job demands-resources model, this study also examines whether organizational support (Training protocol (TP) and Perceived Organization Support (POS)) can buffer the negative effects of AI stress on employee resilience, or directly lead to better work performance (WP). We conducted two-stage online survey and interview in two specific manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan. The result indicated that AI stress has a negative impact on employee resilience. Perceived organization support failed to moderate the relationship between AIS and ER but has a direct and positive effect on WP. On the contrary, Training protocol positively moderate the relationship between AIS and ER but fail to affect the WP. Finally, the study demonstrated that employee resilience significantly affects the work performance. This study offers a deeper understanding for researchers and managerial level on how employees respond to AI stress and what support organizations can provide to help.

Aguiar-Quintana, T., Nguyen, T. H. H., Araujo-Cabrera, Y., & Sanabria-Díaz, J. M. (2021). Do job insecurity, anxiety and depression caused by the COVID-19 pandemic influence hotel employees' self-rated task performance? The moderating role of employee resilience. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94(0), 102868.
Arboh, F., Zhu, X. X., Atingabili, S., Yeboah, E., & Drokow, E. K. (2025). From fear to empowerment: the impact of employees AI awareness on workplace well-being - a new insight from the JD-R model. Journal of Health Organization and Management, Advance online publication.
Bai, S. Z., Zhang, X. X., Yu, D. Y., & Yao, J. R. (2024). Assist me or replace me? Uncovering the influence of AI awareness on employees' counterproductive work behaviors. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(0), 1449561.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD-R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(0), 389-411.
Carayannis, E. G., Dumitrescu, R., Falkowski, T., & Zota, N. R. (2024). Empowering SMEs "Harnessing the Potential of Gen AI for Resilience and Competitiveness". Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management, 71(0), 14754-14774.
Chang, P. C., Zhang, W. H., Cai, Q. H., & Guo, H. C. (2024). Does AI-Driven Technostress Promote or Hinder Employees' Artificial Intelligence Adoption Intention? A Moderated Mediation Model of Affective Reactions and Technical Self-Efficacy. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17(0), 413-427.
Chowdhury, S., Budhwar, P., Dey, P. K., Joel-Edgar, S., & Abadie, A. (2022). AI-employee collaboration and business performance: Integrating knowledge-based view, socio-technical systems and organisational socialisation framework. Journal of Business Research, 144(0), 31-49.
Chuang, L. M., & Huang, S. H. (2025). AI-Supported Healthcare Technology Resistance and Behavioral Intention: A Serial Mediation Empirical Study on the JD-R Model and Employee Engagement. Systems, 13(4), 21, 268.
Chuang, Y. T., Chiang, H. L., & Lin, A. P. (2025). Insights from the Job Demands-Resources Model: AI's dual impact on employees' work and life well-being. International Journal of Information Management, 83(0), 17, Article 102887.
Cooke, F. L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J., & Mei, H. X. (2019). Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: a study of the banking industry in China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(8), 1239-1260.
DeConinck, J. B. (2010). The effect of organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and perceived supervisor support on marketing employees' level of trust. Journal of Business Research, 63(12), 1349-1355.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
Dörr, L., Fliege, K., Lehmann, C., Kanbach, D. K., & Kraus, S. (2023). A Taxonomy on Influencing Factors Towards Digital Transformation in SMEs. Small Business Institute, 33(1), 53-69.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51.
Gaudioso, F., Turel, O., & Galimberti, C. (2017). The mediating roles of strain facets and coping strategies in translating techno-stressors into adverse job outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 189-196.
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the "COR": Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334-1364.
Hansen, E. B., & Bogh, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence and internet of things in small and medium-sized enterprises: A survey. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 58(0), 362-372.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of Resources in the Organizational Context: The Reality of Resources and Their Consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(0), 103-128).
Hou, Y., & Fan, L. W. (2024). Working with AI: The Effect of Job Stress on Hotel Employees' Work Engagement. Behavioral Sciences, 14(11), 1076.
Hu, Q., Lu, Y. B., Pan, Z., & Wang, B. (2023). How does AI use drive individual digital resilience? a conservation of resources (COR) theory perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(15), 2654-2673.
Hu, Q., & Pan, Z. (2023). Can AI benefit individual resilience? The mediation roles of AI routinization and infusion. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 73(0), 103339.
Issa, H., Jaber, J., & Lakkis, H. (2024). Navigating AI unpredictability: Exploring technostress in AI-powered healthcare systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 202(0), 123311.
Ito, J. K., & Brotheridge, C. M. (2003). Resources, coping strategies, and emotional exhaustion: A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 490-509.
Jeong, J., Kim, B. J., & Lee, J. (2024). Navigating AI transitions: how coaching leadership buffers against job stress and protects employee physical health. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(0), 1343932.
Katou, A. A., Koupkas, M., & Triantafillidou, E. (2022). Job demands-resources model, transformational leadership and organizational performance: a multilevel study. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(7), 2704-2722.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., de Vet, H. C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Conceptual Frameworks of Individual Work Performance A Systematic Review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856-866.
Lee, S. H., Kao, H. T., & Kung, P. C. (2022). Staying at Work? The Impact of Social Support on the Perception of the COVID-19 Epidemic and the Mediated Moderating Effect of Career Resilience in Tourism. Sustainability, 14(9), 5719.
Li, J. M., Zhang, L. X., & Mao, M. Y. (2025). How does human-AI interaction affect employees' workplace procrastination? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 212(0), 123951.
Liang, F., & Cao, L. L. (2021). Linking Employee Resilience with Organizational Resilience: The Roles of Coping Mechanism and Managerial Resilience. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14(0), 1063-1075.
Lin, Q. J., & He, L. Q. (2024). Does artificial intelligence (AI) awareness affect employees in giving a voice to their organization? A cross-level model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 123(0), 103947.
Liu, Y. S., Li, Y. B., Song, K. N., & Chu, F. L. (2024). The two faces of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Analyzing how AI usage shapes employee behaviors in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 122(0), 103875.
Lu, Y., Zhang, M. M., Yang, M. M., & Wang, Y. (2023). Sustainable human resource management practices, employee resilience, and employee outcomes: Toward common good values. Human Resource Management, 62(3), 331-353.
Ma, L., Yu, P., Zhang, X., Wang, G. S., & Hao, F. F. (2024). How AI use in organizations contributes to employee competitive advantage: The moderating role of perceived organization support. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 209(0), 123801.
Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2020). Learning organization and work engagement: the mediating role of employee resilience. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(8), 1071-1094.
Naswall, K., Malinen, S., Kuntz, J., & Hodliffe, M. (2019). Employee resilience: development and validation of a measure. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(5), 353-367.
OECD, & EBRD. (2023). SME Policy Index: Eastern Partner Countries 2024: Building Resilience in Challenging Times. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Park, Y., & Choi, W. (2016). The effects of formal learning and informal learning on job performance: the mediating role of the value of learning at work. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17(2), 279-287.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. In S. T. Fiske, D. L. Schacter, & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 63(0), 539-569.
Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective Commitment to the Organization: The Contribution of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825-836.
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635.
Sharif, M. N., Zhang, L., Asif, M., Alshdaifat, S. M., & Hanaysha, J. R. (2025). Artificial intelligence and employee outcomes: Investigating the role of job insecurity and technostress in the hospitality industry. Acta Psychologica, 253(0), 104733.
Small, M. L. (2011). How to Conduct a Mixed Methods Study: Recent Trends in a Rapidly Growing Literature. Annual Review of Sociology, 37 (0), 57-86.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328.\
Trenerry, B., Chng, S., Wang, Y., Suhaila, Z. S., Lim, S. S., Lu, H. Y., & Oh, P. H. (2021). Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-Level Factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(0), 620766.
Wang, A. Q., Tang, C. H., Song, J., Fan, C. X., Wang, W. C., Chen, Z. M., & Yin, W. Q. (2022). Association of individual resilience with organizational resilience, perceived social support, and job performance among healthcare professionals in township health centers of China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(0), 1061851.
Zeng, X. C., Li, S. C., & Yousaf, Z. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Adoption and Digital Innovation: How Does Digital Resilience Act as a Mediator and Training Protocols as a Moderator? Sustainability, 14(14), 8286.
Zheng, J. S., & Zhang, T. (2025). Association Between AI Awareness and Emotional Exhaustion: The Serial Mediation of Job Insecurity and Work Interference with Family. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 401.
Zhou, Q. W., Chen, K. Y., & Cheng, S. (2024). Bringing employee learning to AI stress research: A moderated mediation model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 209(0), 123773.
Zywiolek, J. (2024). Building Trust in AI-Human Partnerships: Exploring Preferences and Influences in the Manufacturing Industry. Management Systems in Production Engineering, 32(2), 244-251.