退貨制度已普遍存在於市場中，對零售商而言，產品快速的汰舊換新使得需求呈現高度不確定，退貨政策允許零售商將剩餘之產品以固定價格退回給製造商。對製造商而言，退貨政策可以刺激零售商的訂購量，加速消化產品庫存。因此藉由退貨政策，可以讓零售商與製造商共同來承擔產銷風險。而針對退回之商品，製造商有許多的處理方式，其中模組化的導入較能降低損失，最終產品是由許多的單位模組所組成，產品被退回後也可以分解成具有較高殘值的標準化元件，並能重新再利用這些元件。
　　本研究建立在一個二階層的供應鏈系統下，包含一個製造商與多個零售商。製造商具有模組化生產的能力，且生產的成本與退貨之殘值均受到模組化程度的影響，製造商欲找出最佳的退貨價格與模組化程度。另一方面，零售商會根據製造商的退貨價格與其他相關參數，決定出最適訂購量，假設期末未售出之產品無法再次銷售，必須進行退貨且視為殘值來處理。製造商扮演賽局中領導者的角色，零售商則為追隨者，雙方之決策均以本身的獲利最大化為目的。
　　當需求服從均勻分配或常態分配，本研究嘗試求解製造商的最佳退貨價和模組化程度，在數值分析中發現到這兩個決策變數呈現出正相關的性質。隨著退貨價格的增加，零售商的訂購量和期望利潤會隨之上升，而愈多的訂購數量同時能夠刺激製造商提高模組化程度以降低生產成本。本研究還探討了不同的需求變異和模組化相關參數之敏感度分析，發現當需求變異愈小時，有助於雙方獲利的提升，而均勻分配和常態分配對於研究結果之影響並無顯著之差異。

Since the product demands are uncertain, retailers are allowed to return unsold products to manufacturers under return policies. Return policies motivate more orders from retailers, hence the inventory of manufacturers could be reduced. On the other hand, returned policies will cut down the profit because products can not be resold after the selling season. Therefore, manufacturers introduce the concept of modularity to reduce loss for the returned products. Modularity is defined as that one product is composed of several modular devices which the returned products can be also separated into.
This study focuses on the two-echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and numerous retailers. The manufacturer is capable of modular production. Production cost and salvage depend on the degree of modularity. Manufacturer and retailers play the roles of leader and followers respectively and maximize their own profits. Manufacturer would like to determine the optimal return price and degree of modularity. Retailers then figure out the optimal ordering based on the return price provided by the manufacturer.
We find that the optimal return price and degree of modularity are positive related. The order quantity and retailers’ profits rise when the refund is increased. Meanwhile, more order quantity will cause the manufacturer to choose higher degree of modularity to reduce production cost. The study also investigates the sensitivity of profit and decision with respect to demand variation and modular parameters.

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