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研究生：	蔡尚恩 Tsai, Shang-En
論文名稱：	數位多媒體浮水印平台之建立 Development of a Digital Multimedia Watermarking Platform
指導教授：	楊世銘 Yang, Shih-Ming
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 航空太空工程學系 Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	145
中文關鍵詞：	浮水印、離散餘弦轉換最佳化、影像、音訊、視訊
外文關鍵詞：	Watermark, Optimal DCT, Image, Audio, H.264/AVC
相關次數：	點閱：58 下載：6
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數位浮水印乃是將不可視的標記，隱藏於一般性的數位多媒體中，如影像、音訊與視訊，需要有相當程度的強健性。本研究發展一個可應用於數位多媒體的浮水印平台，以離散餘弦轉換為基礎，包含影像、音訊與視訊的浮水印系統。本研究提出兩個影像浮水印系統，第一個浮水印的加入與取出，結合了快速離散餘弦轉換、中頻係數選取與量化表的設計，使該系統對資料遺失、影像壓縮與雜訊處理都有很好的強健性。第二個影像浮水印相對於前者，將浮水印直接嵌入所選取的中頻係數位置，可達到即時處理的效果，且影像仍可維持一定的品質，將來更可以應用到即時通訊系統上。音訊浮水印系統以一維離散餘弦轉換為基礎，加上能量平均的觀點，使得系統能得到很高的效能。此外該架構亦整合了錯誤更正碼之Cyclic編碼以提高系統的容錯性。在視訊浮水印系統的建立上，浮水印的加入與解碼結合最新的視訊壓縮標準H.264/MPEG-4 AVC，使用類似離散餘弦轉換特性的整數轉換來提供一個完整的視訊處理系統，並利用展頻與強制性多數決以增加浮水印的強健性。這個包含了影像、音訊與視訊的多媒體浮水印平台，不論在智慧財產權的保護、多媒體廣播的監控，甚至在國防或民間數位資料的驗證、流程的控制上都有很好的應用。

A watermarking platform based on discrete cosine transform for digital multimedia in image, audio and video is presented in this dissertation. Discrete cosine transform concentrates the important information of digital content in the low frequency ranges, and the optimization of discrete cosine transform can reduce the algorithm computation efficiently.
This dissertation provides two image watermarking systems, the first one is developed by integrating the fast discrete cosine transform, the selection of middle-frequency ranges, and the adjustment of quantization table. Experimental results demonstrate that the watermark is efficient and robust to several signal processing techniques, including data cropping, data transmission loss, and JPEG compression. The second one is developed by the fast discrete cosine transform, the direct extraction of low-frequency ranges and the replacement of middle-frequency ranges. Verifications show that the watermarking system is more efficient and still can keep the acceptable quality of the watermarked image.
The audio watermarking system develops energy averaging with three keys to embed the watermark bit-stream, and it is also presented to resist MPEG compression and other manipulations. By utilizing the energy averaging concept of the frequency coefficients, the watermark can be embedded and decoded more effectively and efficiently. This system also integrates the error correcting codes to increase the recovery capability. Implementations show that the watermarked signal retains its high quality and there is no error with the decoded watermark. Verifications also illustrate that the system is robust against common audio manipulation.
The video watermarking system based on the latest video standard, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard, to compress a video sequence. Also, this system integrates direct-sequence spread, majority rule and compulsive definition to improve the robustness. In addition, the experiment demonstrates that the watermark can survive well under different processes such as the quantization, transmission data loss and resample. The multimedia watermarking system can be applied effectively and efficiently in different fields such as intellectual property rights protection, digital content authentication, tamper detection, and communication copy-control.

ABSTRACT.................................................i
CONTENTS...............................................iii
LIST OF TABLES..........................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES........................................vii

 
CHAPTER 
  INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 
1 Motivation and Objective ....................... 1   
2 Literature Review .............................. 2 
2.1 Digital Image Watermarking ................... 2 
2.2 Digital Audio Watermarking ................... 4 
2.3 Digital Video Watermarking ................... 7 
3 Outline .................................. 11 
   MULTIMEDIA WATERMARK OVERVIEW ................ 13
1 Introduction .................................. 13 
2 Watermarking Requirements and Applications ..... 14 
2.1 Watermarking Requirements ..............14 
2.2 Watermarking Applications .................... 17 
3 The Optimization of Discrete Cosine Transform ... 19 
3.1 McGovern’s One-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform ........ 20 
3.2 Two-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform of N × N Block ...........23 
4 Digital Watermarking Platform .....................26 2.5 Summary ....................................... 27 
  DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING SYSTEM ............ 37 
1 Introduction ................................. 37 
2 Image Watermarking System ..................... 38 
2.1 Embedding Algorithm .................... 38 
2.2 Peak to Signal Noise Ratio.............. 40   
2.3 Decoding Algorithm ..................... 41 
2.4 Normalized Correlation .................. 41 
3 Efficient Image Watermarking ............. 43 
4 Image Watermarking Implementation ............... 45 
            3.4.1 Software Development ............... 45 
4.2 Implementation of Color Image Watermarking System ......47 
5 Summary ......................................... 49 
  DIGITAL AUDIO WATERMARKING SYSTEM ............... 70 
1 Introduction ............................ 70 
2 Audio Watermarking System .................. 71 
2.1 Basic Audio Encoding/Decoding System ............71 
2.2 Embedding Algorithm .......................... 71 
2.3 Evaluation of Audio Watermark Scheme ........ 73 
2.4 Decoding algorithm ............................ 74 
2.5 Error Correcting Code ........................... 75 
3 Audio Watermarking System Implementation ........... 76 
4 Summary ..................................... 80 
  DIGITAL VIDEO WATERMARKING SYSTEM .............. 91 
1 Introduction ...............................91       
2 Video Coding System............................. 93 
2.1 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Standard .....................93 
2.2 Coding scheme in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.......... 94 
          5.2.2.1 Frames/Slices .................... 94 
          5.2.2.2 Macroblock ................... 96         
2.3 The Encoder/Decoder in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC ..... 97 
2.3.1 Prediction ............................. 97 
2.3.2 Transform and Quantization ................. 98 
2.3.3 Deblocking Filter ........................... 99
2.3.4 Entropy Coding .......................... 99
2.4 Video Coding System........................ 101 
2.5 Spread Spectrum Technology ................. 102 
3 Algorithm of Watermark Embedding and Decoding ..... 103 
3.1 Integer H.264 Cosine Transform ................ 104 
3.2 4 × 4 Luma DC Coefficient Transform ............. 107 
3.3 2 × 2 Chroma DC Coefficient Transform ........... 108 
3.4 Assignment of the Indices to Luma and Chroma Blocks .... 108 
3.5 Embedding Algorithm ....................... 109 
3.6 Decoding Algorithm ......................... 112 
4 Implementation and Verification ............. 114 
5 Summary ..................................... 116 
  CONCLUSIONS ................................ 133
1 The Digital Watermarking Platform ........... 133 
2 Conclusions   ............................... 134 
REFERENCES ...................................... 137
                                    

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