目的：前瞻性記憶是日常生活中最基本的認知層面之一，對每個年齡層的生活功能皆很重要。Kliegel認為前瞻性記憶應為多階段的表現，包含意圖形成、意圖延宕、意圖起始與意圖執行。研究發現前瞻性記憶各部件也與執行功能有關。針對注意力缺失/過動症（ADHD）兒童的缺損研究已證實有執行功能的缺損，亦有研究者發現ADHD-C兒童的前瞻性記憶有缺損，但這些研究未針對不同亞型進行探討。此外，這些研究認為ADHD兒童並非不能形成前瞻性記憶意圖，而是策略使用不當。本研究希望藉由探討不注意型(ADHD-I)與複合型(ADHD-C)兒童的前瞻性記憶表現是否有缺損，並進一步了解不同亞型在前瞻性記憶各部件的表現以及前瞻性記憶和執行功能間的關聯性。
方法：本研究採完全受試者間設計。受試者經某國立大學附設教學醫院兒童精神科門診，與某診所之兒童精神科專科醫師診斷，符合ADHD-I兒童23位、ADHD-C兒童24位，年齡8~10歲；對照組兒童配對年齡、家庭環境與家長社經地位29位。執行功能方面以倫敦塔、廣泛性非語文注意力與記憶力測驗以及叫色作業以評估之。前瞻性記憶部份分為他人規劃與自主規劃兩種情境，並以自行設計之階段性任務作業評估前瞻性記憶之不同部件表現。
結果：在前瞻性記憶部份，ADHD-C兒童在自主規劃情境下的意圖形成與意圖延宕表現有缺損，ADHD-I則未達顯著。在執行功能份，ADHD-C呈現非語文工作記憶的學習以及衝動反應之缺損，ADHD-I則是在非語文注意力測驗中出現較多漏失反應以及在叫色作業中有較少的讀色正確數。在前瞻性記憶不同部件與執行功能相關之分析結果，前瞻性記憶與非語文工作記憶與抑制能力有關。

Goal: Prospective memory (PM) is a basic and important cognitive ability in daily life for people at every age. Kleigel supposed there a multiple stages of PM including intention formation, intention retention, intention initiaition, and intention execution. Some studies of deficit in Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have reported ADHD children had deficit in prospective memory, however, these studies didn’t investigate the difference in subtypes of ADHD children. It has been reported that PM might relate to executive function (EF) in normal children, such as planning, inhibition, and self-monitor. ADHD children had deficit in the above- mentioned EF, as a result they might have different profiles in PM performance. The result of these studies found the failure in PM task was due to poor strategies in forming intention. As a result, our goal was to investigate the difference of PM in ADHD inattentive type (ADHD-I) and ADHD- combined type (ADHD-C). Futhermore, we tried to dicuss the relationship between PM and EF.
Method: Participants were grouped by diagnosis, including 23 ADHD-I, 24 ADHD-C and 29 normal children. There are two kind of PM conditions designed for evaluating PM which were given- plan condition and the self- planed condition. All participants completed EF tests relating to PM, including Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention/ Memory test (CNAT/ CNMT), stroop task, Tower of London (ToL), and digit span of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–IV (WISC-IV).
Result: Comparing three groups, only ADHD-C children had deficit in intention formation and intention retention in self- planed condtion. The anaylsis of EF showed that ADHD-C children had deficit in strorage of nonverbal working memory and more inpulse and commission errors, while ADHD-I children had more miss errors in CNAT and fewer color- word naming numbers in stroop task. There was significant correlation between PM and EF, especially impulsivity and nonverbal working memory.

中文部分
吳玉欣、余麗樺、陳靖、郭乃文（2009）。日常生活執行功能行為量表之發展與其因素結構及信效度研究。臨床心理學刊，4(2)，19-27
余麗樺、郭乃文、黃茂雄（2002）。「注意力功能之神經心理學建構與衡鑑模式研究—以青少年與腦傷患者之實證資料為基礎」。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
孟瑛如（2004)。國民中小學時間管理行為特徵檢核表指導手冊。台北：心理出版社。
侯伯勳、林志堅、遲景上、陳展航（2003）。臺中地區某國小低年級學童注意力不足過動症候群盛行率初探。慈濟醫學雜誌，15(3)， 163-167 。
施妤蓁（2009）。「探討國中校園注意力缺陷/過動症三級預防模式之建立— 從篩檢到治療」。未發表之碩士論文，國立成功大學，台南市，台灣。
陳榮華、陳心怡（2007a）。「魏氏兒童智力量表第四版(中文版)技術和解釋手冊」。台北：中國行為科學社。
陳榮華、陳心怡（2007b）。「魏氏兒童智力量表第四版(中文版)指導手冊」。台北：中國行為科學社。
陳怡帆（2011）。「電腦化工作記憶訓練成效評估－以學齡期注意力缺陷過動複合型兒童之訓練為例」。未出版之碩士論文，高雄醫學大學，高雄市，台灣。
楊國明、朱正一（2010）。「東台灣山地鄉兒童過動及注意力缺陷症的盛行率及相關因子」。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，29(5)，410-419。
郭乃文（2003）。「以 cohen 認知神經心理學概念探討注意力功能測量研究。」未出版博士論文，國立台灣大學，台北市，台灣。
郭乃文、鄭中平（2005）。「非語文注意力與記憶力測驗之修訂與應用」。教育部社教司研究報告。
郭乃文（2007）。非語文性注意力與記憶力測驗指導手冊。台北：國立台灣師範大學特殊教育中心。
郭雅君（2005）。注意力不足過動兒童注意力與臨床症狀的相關性研究。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣大學，台北市。
葉真欣（2009）。「注意力缺失/過動疾患-不注意型與複合型兒童之工作記憶功能分析」。未出版之碩士論文，高雄醫學大學，高雄市，台灣。
黃惠玲、王雅琴、郭乃文、蔡淑貞（1994）。注意力不足過動症兒童在神經心理測驗上的表現。The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences，10（3），157-164。
詹雅雯、陳信昭、郭乃文（2006）。注意力缺失/過動疾患不注意型與合併型之
多面向注意力功能分析。臨床心理學刊，3(2)，85-92。
臧汝芬、吳光顯、劉秋平（2002）。台灣某國小注意力不足過動兒童之盛行率。台灣精神醫學，16，202-211。
劉昱志、劉士愷、商志雍、林建禾、杜長齡、高淑芬（2006）。注意力缺陷過動症中文版Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Version IV (SNAP-IV)量表之常模及信效度。台灣精神醫學， 20(4)，290-304。
英文部分
Association Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Association Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556.
Ball, J., Tiernan, M., Janusz, J., & Furr, A. (1997). Sleep patterns among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a reexamination of parent perceptions. Journal of pediatric psychology, 22(3), 389.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3 ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Monuteaux, M. C., Bober, M., & Cadogen, E. (2004). Gender effects on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited. Biological psychiatry, 55(7), 692-700.
Bisiacchi, P. S. (1996). The neuropsychological approach in the study of prospective memory. In M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein & M. A. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 297-317). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Brandimonte, M. A., & Passolunghi, M. C. (1994). The effect of cue-familiarity, cue-distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 47(3), 565-587.
Burgess, P. W., Dumontheil, I., Gilbert, S. J., Okuda, J., Schölvinck, M. L., & Simons, J. S. (2007). On the role of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) in prospective memory. In M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein (Eds.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (pp. 187–217). NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 123-129.
Castellanos, F. X., Lee, P. P., Sharp, W., Jeffries, N. O., Greenstein, D. K., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., James, R. S., Ebens, C. L., & Walter, J. M. (2002). Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Vol. 288, pp. 1740-1748): The Jornal of the American Medical Association.
Chang, Y. C., Guo, N. W., Huang, C. C., Wang, S. T., & Tsai, J. J. (2000). Neurocognitive Attention and Behavior Outcome of School Age Children with a History of Febrile Convulsions: A Population Study. Epilepsia, 41(4), 412-420.
Chiang, M., & Gau, S. (2008). Validation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes among Taiwanese children using neuropsychological functioning. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 42(6), 526-535.
Collings, R. D. (2003). Differences Between ADHD Inattentive and Combined Types on the CPT. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(3), 177-189.
Crovitz, H. F., & Daniel, W. F. (1984). Measurements of everyday memory: Toward the prevention of forgetting. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22(5), 413-414.
d' Ydewalle, G., Luwel, K., & Brunfaut, E. (1999). The importance of on-going concurrent activities as a function of age in time-and event-based prospective memory. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 219-237.
Egeland, J., Johansen, S. N., & Ueland, T. (2009). Differentiating between ADHD sub-types on CCPT measures of sustained attention and vigilance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(4), 347-354.
Einstein, G., McDaniel, M. A., Richardson, S. L., Guynn, M. J., & Cunfer, A. R. (1995). Aging and prospective memory: examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 21(4), 996.
Ellis, J. (1996). Prospective memory or the realization of delayed intentions: A conceptual framework for research. In M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein & M. A. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 1-22). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry, 2(2), 104.
Filipek, P. A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Kennedy, D. N., & Biederman, J. (1997). Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology, 48(3), 589-601.
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(2), 103-111.
Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 457-477.
Glisky, E. L. (1996). Prospective memory and the frontal lobes. In M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein & M. A. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 249-266). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Golden, C. (1978). Stroop color and word test. Chicago: Stoelting.
Graetz, B. W., Sawyer, M. G., Hazell, P. L., Arney, F., & Baghurst, P. (2001). Validity of DSM-IV ADHD Subtypes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Australian Children and Adolescents. [doi: DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200112000-00011]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(12), 1410-1417.
Henry, J. D., MacLeod, M. S., Phillips, L. H., & Crawford, J. R. (2004). A meta-analytic review of prospective memory and aging. Psychology and Aging, 19(1), 27-39.
Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2017-2036.
Kerns, K. A. (2000). The CyberCruiser: An investigation of development of prospective memory in children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(1), 62-70.
Kerns, K. A., & Price, K. J. (2001). An investigation of prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 7(3), 162-171.
Kliegel, M., Eschen, A., & Thöne-Otto, A. I. T. (2004). Planning and Realization of Complex Intentions in Traumatic Brain Injury and Normal Aging. Brain and Cognition, 56(1), 12.
Kliegel, M., Mackinlay, R., & Jäger, T. (2007). A lifespan approach to the development of complex prospective memory. In M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein (Eds.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (pp. 187–217). NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kliegel, M., Martin, M., McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (2002). Complex prospective memory and executive control of working memory: A process model. Psychologische Beitrage.
Kliegel, M., Martin, M., & Moor, C. (2003). Prospective memory and ageing: Is task importance relevant? International Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 207.
Kliegel, M., Ropeter, A., & Mackinlay, R. (2006). Complex prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 12(6), 407-419.
Klorman, R., Hazel-Fernandez, L. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Fletcher, J. M., Marchione, K. E., Holahan, J. M., Stuebing, K. K., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999). Executive Functioning Deficits in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Are Independent of Oppositional Defiant or Reading Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(9), 1148-1155.
Krikorian, R., Bartok, J., & Gay, N. (1994). Tower of London procedure: a standard method and developmental data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16(6), 840-850.
Kvaavilashvili, L., Kyle, F. E., & Messer, D. (2007). The developmental of prospective memory in children : methodological issues, empirical findings, and future directions. In M. Kliegel, M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein (Eds.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives (pp. 187–217). NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kvavilashvili, L., Messer, D. J., & Ebdon, P. (2001). Prospective memory in children: The effects of age and task interruption. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 418.
Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. NY: Oxford University Press.
Loe, I. M., & Feldman, H. M. (2007). Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 7(1S), 82-90.
Martin, M., & Kliegel, M. (2003). The development of complex prospective memory performance in children. Zeitschrift fur Entwicklungspsychologie und Padagogische Psychologie, 35(2), 75-82.
Martin, M., Kliegel, M., & McDaniel, M. A. (2003). The involvement of executive functions in prospective memory performance of adults. International Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 195-206.
Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377-384.
Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2008). Abnormal child psychology (4 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub Co.
Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2006). WISC-IV and WISC-III profiles in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9(3), 486-493.
McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (2000). Strategic and automatic processes in prospective memory retrieval: A multiprocess framework. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14(7), 127-144.
McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (2007). cognitive neuroscience of prospective memory. In M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein (Eds.), Prospective memory: An overview and synthesis of an emerging field (pp. 171-189). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
McInnes, A., Humphries, T., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2003). Listening Comprehension and Working Memory Are Impaired in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Irrespective of Language Impairment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 427-443.
Neuman, R. J., Sitdhiraksa, N., Reich, W., Ji, T. H. C., Joyner, C. A., Sun, L. W., & Todd, R. D. (2005). Estimation of prevalence of DSM-IV and latent class-defined ADHD subtypes in a population-based sample of child and adolescent twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 8(4), 392-401.
Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Rappley, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 59.
Nolan, E. E., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2001). Teacher reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 241-249.
O'Brien, J. W., Dowell, L. R., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2010). Neuropsychological Profile of Executive Function in Girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(7), 656-670.
O'Neill, M. E., & Douglas, V. I. (1996). Rehearsal Strategies and Recall Performance in Boys With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Pediatr. Psychol., 21(1), 73-88.
Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007). Attention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes. Brain and Development, 29(7), 400-408.
Rendell, P. G. & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Virtual week and actual week: Age-related differences in prospective memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14(7), 43-62.
Rubia, K., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Mohammed, M., Scott, S., Giampietro, V., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. J. (2008). Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(7), 889-897.
Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (1999). Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. American Psychiatric Association, 156, 891-896.
Shum, D., Leung, J. P., Ungvari, G. S., & Tang, W. K. (2001). Schizophrenia and prospective memory: A new direction for clinical practice and research. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 23-26.
Smith, B. H., Barkley, R. A., & Shapiro, C. J. (2006). Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiviy disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders. NY: The Guilford Press.
Solanto, M., Gilbert, S., Raj, A., Zhu, J., Pope-Boyd, S. b., Stepak, B., Vail, L., & Newcorn, J. (2007). Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 729-744.
Sonuga- Barke, E., Taylor, E., & Heptinstall, E. (1992). Hyperactivity and delay aversion-II. The effect of self versus externally imposed stimulus presentation periods on memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33(2), 399-409.
Stahl, S. M. (2008). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Stuss, D. T., & Alexander, M. P. (2000). Executive functions and the frontal lobes: a conceptual view. Psychological Research, 63(3), 289-298.
Wang, Y., Chong, M., Chou, W., & Yang, J. (1993). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association= Taiwan yi zhi, 92(2), 133.
Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Visuo-spatial working memory span: A sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 10(3), 155-161.
Will, C. M., Rendell, P. G., Ozgis, S., Pierson, J. M., Ong, B., & Henry, J. D. (2008). Cognitively impaired older adults exhibit comparable difficulties on naturalistic and laboratory prospective memory tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(6), 804-812.
Zinke, K., Altgassen, M., Mackinlay, R. J., Rizzo, P., Drechsler, R., & Kliegel, M. (2010). Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance and Time-Monitoring in Children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 16(4), 338-349.