焚化係台灣地區垃圾處理之主要方式，其產生的焚化灰渣之管理，應為今後之重要環保課題。本研究分別以水洗、酸洗及鹼洗等方式，探討前處理萃取對飛灰主要成分鈣、鋁、矽組成之影響，並檢討其對重金屬及氯鹽、硫酸鹽等混凝土性質干擾物之去除效率。此外，再將前處理後殘餘物替代混凝土細骨材，探討攙和量對混凝土抗壓強度之影響，以評估飛灰作為混凝土攙和料之可行性。
研究結果顯示，水洗及氨洗萃取方式對飛灰鹼度影響較小，萃取後殘留飛灰重金屬溶出不易超過TCLP溶出標準。酸萃取方式則隨酸劑量之增加而中和掉飛灰中鹼度，萃取後殘餘飛灰重金屬溶出易超出TCLP溶出標準。如醋酸在2 mmol/g FA劑量下，鉛溶出達4.57 mg/L；硝酸在1 mmol/g FA劑量下，鉛溶出濃度達18.9 mg/L，高於TCLP溶出標準，但隨萃取酸劑量增加而濃度降低。然而，萃取液中重金屬濃度隨萃取酸量增加而增加，在醋酸10 mmol/g FA劑量下，萃取液中鋅濃度為249.7 mg/L，硝酸在4.4 mmol/g FA劑量下，萃取液中鋅濃度可達193.5 mg/L，若透過適當處理程序，極具回收價值。此外，酸萃取劑量愈多，亦可去除飛灰中較多量之氯鹽、硫酸鹽，有利於飛灰後續資源化再利用。至於各前處理方式對飛灰主成分影響，一般而言，水洗及氨洗過程對飛灰主成分影響不大，酸洗程序之鈣溶出量較高，主成分在三相圖中有朝矽量高區域移動趨勢，當硝酸劑量達4.4 mmol/g FA，飛灰主成分已極近似於卜作嵐攙料。
本研究結果可知，經硝酸前處理過之飛灰，其重金屬及氯鹽、硫酸鹽等干擾物質可被有效去除，有助於進行飛灰無害化、重金屬萃取、主成分調質等前處理程序之選擇。然而以經硝酸前處理飛灰替代混凝土細骨材實驗結果顯示，添加經前處理飛灰的試體其抗壓強度為添加未經處理飛灰試體之兩倍，顯示前處理雖有助於飛灰攙和於混凝土。然而其28天抗壓強度僅達150 kg/cm2左右，顯示尚有干擾因子待進一步釐清。

In Taiwan, municipal solid waste is mostly incinerated. Though 15% of volume reduction could be attained, the management of remained MSWI ash is still one of the important topics in integrated solid waste management. In this study, MSWI fly ash was pretreated by acid, water and ammonia extraction. And the effects of extraction on chemical compositions of fly ash were investigated. For further concrete application of pretreated fly ash, the removal efficiencies of heavy metals, chloride and sulfide were also surveyed. Finally, the pretreated fly ash substituted as fine aggregate into concrete, and the feasibility of pretreated fly in concrete application was evaluated by analysis of the compressive strength of developed concrete.
The results from extractions showed that ammonia and water extraction have little influence on the alkalinity of fly ash, and hence the heavy metal concentrations in TCLP leachates are below the regulatory standard. Nevertheless, the alkalinity existed in fly ash was neutralized by acid extraction, and the heavy metal concentrations in TCLP leachate might exceed the regulatory standard. On the other hand, the heavy metal concentrations in acid extraction leachates, such as Zn and Pb, are high enough for further recovery. Furthermore, the more acid dose is added, the more calcium was removed from fly ash. The chemical composition of fly ash moved toward the region of pozzolanic admixture in SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary plot after the acid extraction pretreatment. In summary, acid extraction helps the removal of leaching hazard, recovery of heavy metal and adjustment of chemical composition of fly ash.
With adding pretreated fly ash, the compressive strength of the concrete is two times larger to that of concretes with untreated fly ash addition. The extraction pretreatment should be applicable in removing interference for concrete application. However, the compressive strength of the concretes with pretreated fly ash addition just reached 150 kg/cm2 at 28-day of curing age, the undiscovered influence should be further clarified for engineering application.

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91年環境保護統計年報
中國國家標準CNS 61【卜特蘭水泥】
中國國家標準CNS 486【粗細粒料篩析法】
中國國家標準CNS 1010【水硬性水泥墁料抗壓強度檢驗法】
中國國家標準CNS 1012【流動性台及流動性模】
中國國家標準CNS 1078【卜特蘭水泥化學分析法】
中國國家標準CNS 3036【卜作嵐水泥混凝土用飛灰及天然物或蝦燒卜作攙和物】
中國國家標準CNS 3655【水硬性水泥可塑稠性水泥漿及墁料之機械拌合法】
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