在能源價格高漲、環保問題日趨嚴峻的今日，軌道系統成為最受重視的運輸系統之一，本研究探討軌道運輸與其他運具的競爭， 並在附錄中對與其營運最佳化有關的人員排班問題進行探討。
中距離城際公共運輸市場一般由高速鐵路、傳統鐵路、汽車客運以及國內航空組成。這些運具間存在競爭替代關係；如有共站，兩種鐵路系統之間則存在整合互補的機會。本研究分析這些運具的競爭與整合關係，第一部份先提出高速鐵路與傳統鐵路的競爭模型，第二部份則提出所有運具的競爭模型。
在需求面，每一位旅客各自依照一般化總旅行成本函數來選取旅行路線，並分別以一維線性，以及二維棋盤式兩種乘客分布模型代表現實城市中旅客起訖點的空間分布。在供給面，各運具以價格作為主要競爭工具，並可納入不同的運具特性，包括：共站、輔助支線、場站位置、運輸成本、運輸時間、管制票價上下限。兩種競爭模型均設計有對應的價格均衡條件與演算方法，並以台灣西部運輸走廊對對象的數值實例與敏感度分析來說明其如何應用於預測解釋城際運具的競爭結果及其管理意涵。
在軌道運輸營運中，一般依照層級式規劃觀念，將營運最佳化課題分解為班表排班、人員排班、車輛排程問題。其中人員排班問題，是在給定班表後，將其分解為須執行的工作，將工作依照特定規則編排為任務卡，再將任務卡分配給司機員執行。本研究在附錄中，初步針對任務卡的產生，以廣域搜尋 (very large scale neighborhood search)演算法求解，求解核心為演算效率極高之配對問題 (assignment problem)，並含括了優良解清單以提高演算效率。數值實例與敏感度分析係採用高雄捷運系統真實營運班表資料與工作規則，在適當參數設定下，本演算法可迅速自動產出品質與人工作業接近的班表，並可提供不同工作規則對任務卡的影響分析，作為管理階層決策之參考。

Coexistence of the high-speed railroad (HSR), the conventional railroad (CR), and other intercity modes in a common transportation corridor creates competition and the opportunities of integration between them. Firstly considering competition between HSR and CR and then extending to competition among all modes, this study presents a competition model that captures the short-term competition among multiple transportation carriers providing services between two middle-distance cities and carrying a given number of passengers. This competition model, with the flexibility of including competition between carriers providing substitute and/or integrated services and the various setting of passengers’ and carriers’ attributes, has four major components: (1) a transportation system model where passenger carriers are described by combinations of attributes; (2) a pricing model that captures how the carriers simultaneously determine their prices to gain competitive advantage; (3) a passenger choice behavior model that represents how passengers respond to prices; and (4) profit functions that define the relationship between each carrier’s price, market share, and profit.
The proposed heuristic provides the solutions for the price equilibrium. A set of numerical examples derived from the intercity public transport market in Taiwan are used to demonstrate the model as well as the heuristic, followed by the analysis of the sensitivity of the equilibrium with regard to passengers’ average value of time. The computational results are in line with the expectations.
In the appendix, this study concerns the efficiency of railway by preliminarily investigating the crew scheduling problem in the rapid transit system. The focus is to develop a very large scale neighborhood search heuristic to optimize the crew scheduling problem. The proposed heuristic applies a network flows-based improvement algorithm, and defines a neighborhood structure to find the minimum cost assignment efficiently. Numerical examples based on real data of the Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation reveal that the model reflects the tradeoff between managerial objectives and the drivers’ preferences, and the proposed heuristic is able to generate duties with good quality.

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