玉山圓柏 (Juniperus squamata) 主要分布於台灣的玉山山脈、雪山山脈、中央山脈等海拔超過3,000公尺以上的高山地區，是台灣海拔分佈最高的針葉樹種，亦是高山次級演替的先驅物種之一。然而近年來因全球暖化，氣溫逐年上升勢必對其產生衝擊，故這一類的高山物種保育成為重要的課題。但是目前為止，關於玉山圓柏的研究相當稀少，且多為探討其分類地位之研究。微衛星 (Microsatellite) DNA分子標記，或稱做簡單序列重複 (Simple Sequence Repeat, SSR)具有不受選汰壓力、演化快速而易累積變異、基因組中數量豐富的優點，適合做為探討種內族群遺傳結構的工具。因此本研究利用微衛星DNA分子標記的特性，以12組微衛星DNA基因座針對台灣玉山圓柏共10個族群，進行遺傳結構的探討。結果顯示，玉山圓柏的族群均保有相當高的基因歧異度(0.675-0.876)，而且各地區族群均無受到瓶頸效應的影響，推測其高遺傳歧異度的維持是因族群數量長期保持在穩定的狀態，避免基因漂變而流失。進一步以 AMOVA 分析遺傳變異，結果顯示族群的遺傳變異主要保存在各族群內，而且族群分化程度低 (FST = 0.05)，推測主要是玉山圓柏物種的生活史與特性所造成的。另外，族群結構分析顯示，親緣樹狀圖無法將同地區的族群歸在一群，而 STRUCTURE 模擬分群的結果呈現各族群遺傳特徵彼此混雜的現象，可能是各族群保有部分的祖先型遺傳特徵，暗示著可能來自共同的祖先族群。

Juniperus squamata is mainly distributed at high mountains above 3,000 m in Taiwan, including Yushan, Sheishan, and Central Mountain Ranges. It is not only the highest distributed conifer species but also an element of 2nd succession pioneer species at alpine areas in Taiwan. In the past few years, global warming has increased the average temperature gradually, and this climate change may have impacted the populations of J. squamata. The conservation of these alpine species has become an important issue now. Past studies mostly focused on systematics of J. squamata, while very few studies were on the population genetics of J. squamata. In this study, the genetic variation within and between 10 populations of J. squamata was examined with 12 microsatellite loci. The population genetic diversity ranged from 0.675 to 0.876. Demographic analyses revealed that all regional populations remain constant in size. No significant fluctuations or genetic bottlenecks were detected. Furthermore, AMOVA showed that most genetic variances reside within population (p <0.05), resulting in low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.05). Both historical gene flow and long life spans may have contributed to the high genetic variation and low between-population differentiation in J. squamata. STRUCTURE analyses further indicated that all population fragments tended to be connected as a whole over glacial maxima.

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