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研究生：	廖昇佑 Liao, Sheng-You
論文名稱：	探討轉譯後修飾作用對致癌鋅手指轉錄因子ZNF322A之調控機制 Characterization of regulatory mechanism of oncogenic zinc finger transcription factor ZNF322A by post-translational modification
指導教授：	王憶卿 Wang, Yi-Ching
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	醫學院 - 基礎醫學研究所 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	肺癌、ZNF322A 、CK1δ 、GSK3β 、FBXW7α 、AKT 、磷酸化、泛素化、蛋白質降解、轉錄活性
外文關鍵詞：	lung cancer, ZNF322A, CK1δ, GSK3β, FBXW7α, AKT, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, protein degradation, transcriptional activity
相關次數：	點閱：163 下載：2
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研究背景及目的: ZNF322A 為致癌轉錄調控因子，大約有70%的肺癌病人具有ZNF322A 過度表現及不良的預後。本實驗室先前利用細胞及動物模式證實 ZNF322A 能夠負向調控p53及正向調控adducin 1及cyclin D1的基因表現進而促進腫瘤生長及轉移侵襲能力。然而，目前對於ZNF322A 蛋白質過度表現及轉錄活性之調控機制仍不清楚。本篇研究主要探討蛋白質轉譯後修飾作用對於ZNF322A 蛋白質穩定度及轉錄活性之作用機制，並進一步研究其所調控之訊息傳遞路徑。
研究結果: 本研究先經由整合蛋白質體學及蛋白質磷酸化資料庫分析，發現許多ZNF322A 磷酸化位點，經由分析軟體預測 GSK3β及AKT可能為ZNF322A蛋白質激酶。進一步以試管內激酶反應 (in vitro kinase assay) 及細胞泛素化分析 (cell-based ubiquitination assay)，我們發現CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α訊息路徑能夠促進ZNF322A致癌蛋白降解。CK1δ及GSK3β能夠分別依續在ZNF322A Ser-396 及 Ser-391進行磷酸化，磷酸化態ZNF322A能夠受到FBXW7α泛素E3連結酶辨認，進而促進ZNF322A 蛋白降解。細胞及動物實驗確認FBXW7α過度表現促進ZNF322A蛋白降解進而抑制ZNF322A轉錄活性及ZNF322A所誘導之細胞生長的轉移能力。進一步，經由臨床檢體分析發現肺癌病人過度表達ZNF322A與FBXW7α 低表達或CK1δ/GSK3β之磷酸化作用之缺陷相關且病人具有較差的預後；此外，多變項Cox迴歸分析顯示，過度表達ZNF322A與低表達FBXW7α之組合可作為肺癌病人的死亡危險及預後指標。除此之外，我們也發現AKT能夠磷酸化ZNF322A進而促進ZNF322A 蛋白質穩定度及轉錄活性。AKT 調控ZNF322A Thr-262位點磷酸化，增加ZNF322A 蛋白穩定度進而促進其轉錄活性；此外，ZNF322A Thr-150、Ser-24及Thr-234受到AKT磷酸化後能夠增加ZNF322A結合DNA之親和力進而促進ZNF322A轉錄活性及正向調控adducin 1之基因表現。以上研究結果顯示AKT為ZNF322A 的正向調節者促進ZNF322A蛋白活性。
研究結論: 本研究提供了新穎的作用機制揭示CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α訊息路徑調控ZNF322A致癌蛋白之降解作用；此外，本研究發現AKT能夠增加ZNF322A 致癌蛋白穩定度並促進其轉錄活性。我們預期透過標靶藥物促進CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α誘導ZNF322A蛋白降解或抑制AKT訊息路徑可作為肺癌治療之新策略。

Background and Study purpose: Overexpression of oncogenic transcription factor ZNF322A is found in about 70% lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. We previous demonstrated that ZNF332A negatively regulates p53 expression and positively regulates expression of adducin 1 and cyclin D1 thus promotes lung cancer growth and metastasis. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ZNF322A overexpression and transcriptional activity remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the post-translational modifications on ZNF322A protein stability control and transcriptional activity associated with its oncogenic effects in lung cancer.
Results: We identified several ZNF322A phosphorylation sites by integrating our proteomic analysis and online database data. GSK3β and AKT are predicted to be the putative protein kinases of ZNF322A. We further confirmed that CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α signaling axis promoted protein degradation of ZNF322A oncoprotein using in vitro kinase assay and cell-based ubiquitination assay. CK1δ and GSK3β sequentially phosphorylated ZNF322A at Ser-396 and then Ser-391, the doubly phosphorylated ZNF322A protein were recognized by ubiquitin ligase FBXW7α leading to ZNF322A protein destruction. Overexpression of FBXW7α induced ZNF322A protein degradation, thereby blocked ZNF322A transcription activity and suppressed ZNF322A-induced tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, overexpression of ZNF322A correlated with low FBXW7α or defective CK1δ/GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation in lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that patients with ZNF322A-high/FBXW7-low expression profile could be used as an independent factor to predict the clinical outcome in lung cancer patients. In addition, we identified that AKT phosphorylated ZNF322A thus promoted ZNF322A protein stability and transcriptional activity. AKT-mediated ZNF322A phosphorylation at Thr-262 enhanced ZNF322A protein stability thus promoted ZNF322A transcriptional activity. Moreover, ZNF322A Thr-150, Ser-224 and Thr-234 phosphorylation by AKT promoted ZNF322A transcriptional activity through increasing chromatin DNA binding affinity of ZNF322A thereby up-regulated adducin 1 mRNA expression. These results indicated that AKT served as the positive regulator of ZNF322A via promoting ZNF322A protein stability and transcriptional activity.
Conclusion: Our studies provide the novel mechanism of CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α signaling axis in regulation of ZNF322A protein degradation. Moreover, AKT positively regulates ZNF322A oncoprotein protein stability and transcriptional activity. We propose that therapeutic strategies targeting ZNF322A oncoprotein for degradation by promoting CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α signaling axis or inhibiting AKT signaling may provide new insight of target therapy for lung cancer patients.

中文摘要	I
ABSTRACT	III
誌謝	V
INTRODUCTION	1
1.	Lung cancer
1-1. Clinical signification of lung cancer	1
1-2. Therapeutic strategies of lung cancer	1
2.	Zinc finger (ZNF) transcription factor
2-1. Overview of ZNF transcription factor	2
2-2. Role of ZNF transcription factor in cancer	3
2-3. Previous studies of ZNF322A	4
3.	Post-translational modification (PTM) of transcription factor
3-1. Role of PTM in regulating protein stability of transcription factor	5
3-2. Role of PTM in regulating transcriptional activity of transcription factor	6
4.	Role of protein kinases in regulation of transcription factor
4-1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)	7
4-2. Casein kinase 1 (CK1)	8
4-3. AKT	9
5.	Ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation
5-1. Introduction of ubiquitin proteasome system	10
5-2. SCF type E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7	10
STUDY BASIS AND DESIGN	12
MATERIALS AND METHODS	14
1.	Patient samples and clinical information	14
2.	Cell lines and culture conditions	14
3.	Immunohistochemistry assay 	14
4.		Plasmid transfection and generation of stable knockdown cell lines	15
5.		Reagents	15
6.	Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation	16
7.	Cloning, expression and purification of the 
human ZNF322A recombinant protein	16
8.	Site-directed mutagenesis	17
9.	RNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcriptase 
polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays	18
10.	Cycloheximide chase assay	18
11.	In vitro kinase assay	18
12.	Mass spectrometry analysis	19  
13.	Cell-based ubiquitination assay	20
14.	Dual luciferase promoter assay	21
15.	Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assay	21
16.	Cell migration and invasion assay	21 
17.	Cell proliferation assay	22
18.	Anchorage-independent growth assay	22
19.	In vivo tumor growth assay	22
20.	In vivo tumor metastasis assay	23
21.	Statistic analysis	23
RESULTS	24
PART I: Regulation of ZNF322A protein degradation by CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α axis
1.	Phosphoproteomic analyses reveal candidate ZNF322A phosphorylation sites	24
2.	ZNF322A is a short half-life protein regulated 
by ubiquitin-proteasome system	24
3.	Ser-396 is the main phosphorylation site of CK1δ 
in regulating ZNF322A protein stability	25
4.	Phosphorylation of ZNF322A by CK1δ triggers 
the subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3β	26
5.	CK1δ regulates ZNF322A protein stability	27
6.	GSK3β regulates ZNF322A protein stability	28
7.	Phosphorylation of ZNF322A at Ser-396 and Ser-391 by CK1δ and GSK3β
is crucial for ZNF322A protein degradation	28
8.	CK1δ-mediated ZNF322A phosphorylation at Ser-396 was required for 
targeting of ZNF322A protein by GSK3β	29
9.	FBXW7α is an E3 ligase targeting ZNF322A protein 
for ubiquitination and degradation 	31
10.	Phosphorylation of Ser-391 and Ser-396 facilitates the recognition 
	and degradation of ZNF322A by FBXW7α	32
11.	The CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α axis regulates ZNF322A protein stability and inhibits ZNF322A-induced transcriptional activity, cell proliferation and motility 	33
12.	CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α axis is inactivated in a sub-group of lung cancer patients
and correlates with ZNF322A overexpression and poor prognosis	34
13.	Etoposide induced ZNF322A protein destruction 
in CK1δ/GSK3β-dependent manner	36
Part II study: Regulation of ZNF322A transcriptional activity by AKT
1.	ZNF322A is a protein substrate of AKT	37
2.	AKT enhances ZNF322A protein stability	37
3.	AKT promotes ZNF322A transcriptional activity	39
4.	ZNF322A Thr-262 phosphorylation by AKT promotes ZNF322A protein stability 
thus increases ZNF322A transcriptional activity	40
5.	AKT phosphorylates ZNF322A at Thr-150, Ser-224, Thr-234 sites 
to enhance ZNF322A transcriptional activity 	41
6.	AKT phosphorylates ZNF322A at Thr-150, Ser-224, Thr-234 sites 
to increase DNA binding affinity of ZNF322A	41 
DISCUSSION	43
REFERENCES	50
TABLES	62
FIGURES	78
APPENDIX	122
 

TABLE CONTENTS
Table 1.	The clinicopathological parameters of 135 lung cancer patients
		enrolled in this study	63
Table 2.	Antibodies and their reaction conditions used
	in the current study	64
Table 3.	The plasmids and their characteristics used
	in the current study	67
Table 4.	The sh-RNA plasmids and their characteristics used 
	in the current study	71
Table 5.	The primers used in the current study	72
Table 6. 	Identification of ZNF322A phosphorylation sites and predicted kinases	74
Table 7. 	Alteration of ZNF322A and FBXW7 protein expression levels in relation      to clinicopathological parameters in 135 Lung Cancer Patients	75
Table 8. 	Cox regression analysis of risk factors for cancer-related death 
	in lung cancer patients	76
Table 9.	Identification of AKT-mediated ZNF322A phosphorylation sites	77
 
FIGURE CONTENTS
Figure 1.	ZNF322A is a highly unstable protein regulated 
	by ubiquitin-proteasome system	79
Figure 2.	CK1δ isoform regulates ZNF322A protein expression	81
Figure 3.	Ser-396 is the main phosphorylation site of CK1δ
		in regulating ZNF322A protein stability	82
Figure 4.	Priming phosphorylation of ZNF322A at Ser-396 by CK1δ is required for
		GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of ZNF322A at Ser-391 in vitro	83
Figure 5.	CK1δ regulates ZNF322A protein expression in PTM dependent manner	84
Figure 6.	CK1δ promotes ZNF322A protein ubiquitination	85
Figure 7.	GSK3β regulates ZNF322A protein expression in PTM dependent manner	86
Figure 8.	GSK3β promotes ZNF322A protein ubiquitination	87
Figure 9.	ZNF322A phosphorylation defective mutant S391A-, S396A- 
		and S391A/396A protein exhibit longer protein half-life	88
Figure 10.	Antibody specificity of homemade p-Ser-391 and p-Ser-396 antibodies	89
Figure 11.	GSK3β and CK1δ phosphorylate ZNF322A at Ser-391 and Ser-396 
	promotes ZNF322A protein destruction	90
Figure 12.	ZNF322A Ser-396 phosphorylation by CK1δ is required for 
	GSK3β-mediated ZNF322A protein degradation	91
Figure 13.	Both CK1δ and GSK3β are crucial for ZNF322A protein destruction	92
Figure 14.	FBXW7α is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of ZNF322A	93
Figure 15.	FBXW7α promotes ZNF322A protein ubiquitination and degradation	94
Figure 16.	FBXW7α promotes ZNF322A ubiquitination and degradation 
	in CK1δ/GSK3β dependent manner	96
Figure 17.	ZNF322A Ser-391 and Ser-396 phosphorylation is crucial for 
	FBXW7α-mediated ZNF322A protein degradation	97
Figure 18.	FBXW7α overexpression decreases ZNF322A transcriptional activity	98
Figure 19.	Overexpression of CK1δ and GSK3β suppress 
	ZNF322A-induced lung cancer cell proliferation and motility	99
Figure 20.	FBXW7α impairs ZNF322A-induced lung cancer cell proliferation	100
Figure 21.	FBXW7α impairs ZNF322A-induced lung cancer cell motility	101
Figure 22.	FBXW7α abolishes ZNF322A-induced lung tumor growth and metastasis	102
Figure 23.	The reverse correlation between ZNF322A and FBXW7 expression
	was observed in lung cancer patients	103
Figure 24.	Low FBXW7α expression correlates with ZNF322A overexpression
	and poor prognosis	104
Figure 25.	The reverse correlation between ZNF322A and p-S391expression
	was observed in a sub-group of lung cancer patients	105
Figure 26.	Etoposide induced ZNF322A protein destruction 
	in CK1δ- and GSK3β-dependent manner	106
Figure 27.	ZNF322A is a protein substrate of AKT	107
Figure 28.	AKT interacts with ZNF322A in lung cancer cells	108
Figure 29.	AKT regulates ZNF322A protein expression 
	in transcriptional independent manner	109
Figure 30.	AKT enhances ZNF322A protein stability	110
Figure 31. EGF stimulation activates AKT and stabilizes ZNF322A protein
	by partially inhibiting GSK3β activity.	111
Figure 32.	AKT promotes ZNF322A transcriptional activity	112
Figure 33.	EGF stimulation promotes ZNF322A transcriptional activity	113
Figure 34.	Protein expression level of various ZNF322A phospho-mutants	114
Figure 35.	ZNF322A Thr-150, Ser-224, and Thr-234 phosphorylation sites 
	do not affect ZNF322A protein stability	115
Figure 36.	ZNF322A Thr-262 phosphorylation by AKT promotes ZNF322A        protein stability thus increases ZNF322A transcriptional activity	116
Figure 37.	AKT-mediated ZNF322A phosphorylation at Thr-150, Ser-224, Thr-234
	enhances ZNF322A transcriptional activity	117
Figure 38.	Phosphorylation-defective mutant T150A-, S224A-, T234A- or T262A-
	ZNF322A protein cannot upregulate ADD1 mRNA expression	118
Figure 39.	ZNF322A Thr-150, Ser-224, and Thr-234 phosphorylation sites
	affect DNA binding affinity of ZNF322A	119
Figure 40.	Schematic diagram of CK1δ/GSK3β/FBXW7α signaling axis and    EGFR/AKT signaling axis in regulation of ZNF322A protein stability       and activity.	120
Figure 41.	Molecule modeling of the interaction between
	ZNF322A protein and DNA	121
 
Appendix Figures
Appendix Figure 1. Identification of ZNF322A Ser-391 phosphorylation
	by mass spectrometry analysis	123
Appendix Figure 2.	Identification of AKT-mediated ZNF322A phosphorylation sites
	by mass spectrometry analysis	124
PUBLICATION	125	


                                    

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