全球都市化趨勢是區域景觀變化的主要原因，商業、製造業和交通所帶來的大規模發展造成經濟、社會和空間結構變遷並連帶影響區域氣候改變，都市內部溫度在熱島效應加乘下顯著上升。在全球氣候變化及追求實現碳中和、永續發展的目標下，對熱島效應與能源使用的關係的探討尤其重要。本研究以縣市合併前的臺中市為研究範圍，使用LANDSAT 8紅外波段的衛星影像、國土利用調查成果圖及社會經濟統計資料作為原始數據，透過統計方法探討住宅部門使用者在夏季（7-8月）的用電活動情形，進而解釋熱島效應對夏季住宅用電量的影響關係並依此提出都市計畫因應策略。
結果表明，自然地貌類型的土地覆蓋能調適都市的地表溫度；夏季住宅用電消耗則會顯著地受到都市環境的氣候條件及個人家戶的社會經濟條件影響，其中又對相對濕度產生變化時的敏感程度最高。本研究據此提出相關都市規劃策略，包括從都市量體及土地使用著手，推行管制與獎勵並行的措施，優化都市風廊規劃及綠化閒置地等相關規定。

This study took the residential area in Taichung as the research object to discuss factors affecting the personal electricity consumption in summer, from the user perspective. The research suggested that the natural land cover helps to adjust the urban surface temperature. Besides, the residential electricity consumption in summer will be affected by the urban climate conditions and the social-economic conditions of the households. Among those driving factors, the change of the relative humidity has the highest sensitivity. With the research findings, this study proposed an urban planning strategy, which included zoning land uses, regulating urban building volumes, and disposing of different proportions of public facilities for each age group.

英文文獻
Akbari, H. (2005). Energy saving potentials and air quality benefits of urban heat IslandMitigation.
Balling, R. C., & Brazel, S. W. (1988). High-resolution surface temperature patterns in a complex urban terrain. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(9), 1289-1293.
Bartusch, C., Odlare, M., Wallin, F., & Wester, L. (2012). Exploring variance in residential electricity consumption: Household features and building properties. Applied Energy, 92, 637-643. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.034
Beck, C., Straub, A., Breitner, S., Cyrys, J., Philipp, A., Rathmann, J., Jacobeit, J. (2018). Air temperature characteristics of local climate zones in the Augsburg urban area (Bavaria, southern Germany) under varying synoptic conditions. Urban Climate, 25, 152-166. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2018.04.007
Brounen, D., Kok, N., & Quigley, J. M. (2012). Residential energy use and conservation: Economics and demographics. European Economic Review, 56(5), 931-945.
Bruelisauer, M., Meggers, F., Saber, E., Li, C., & Leibundgut, H. (2014). Stuck in a stack—Temperature measurements of the microclimate around split type condensing units in a high rise building in Singapore. Energy and Buildings, 71, 28-37. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.056
Cayan, D. R., & Douglas, A. V. (1984). Urban influences on surface temperatures in the southwestern United States during recent decades. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 23(11), 1520-1530.
Choi, S.-H., Lee, K.-S., & Kim, B.-S. (2005). Effects of stacked condensers in a high-rise apartment building. Energy, 30(7), 968-981. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2004.08.004
Crutzen, P. J. (2004). New Directions: The growing urban heat and pollution" island" effect—impact on chemistry and climate. Atmospheric Environment, 3539-3540.
Doan, Q.-V., Kusaka, H., & Ho, Q.-B. (2016). Impact of future urbanization on temperature and thermal comfort index in a developing tropical city: Ho Chi Minh City. Urban Climate, 17, 20-31. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2016.04.003
Ewing, R. & Rong, F. (2008). The impact of urban form on US residential energy use.　Housing policy debate, 19(1), 1-30.　Landsberg, H. E. (1981). The urban climate: Academic press.
Garcia-Cerrutti, L. M. (2000). Estimating elasticities of residential energy demand from panel county data using dynamic random variables models with heteroskedastic and correlated error terms. Resource and Energy economics, 22(4), 355-366.
Giridharan, R., & Emmanuel, R. (2018). The impact of urban compactness, comfort strategies and energy consumption on tropical urban heat island intensity: A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 40, 677-687. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.024
Gough, W., & Rozanov, Y. (2002). Impact of urbanization on the climate of Toronto. Ontario, Canada, 1-3.
Howard, L. (1883). Climate of London. 285.
Jones, R. V., Fuertes, A., & Lomas, K. J. (2015). The socio-economic, dwelling and appliance related factors affecting electricity consumption in domestic buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 901-917. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.084
Kavousian, A., Rajagopal, R., & Fischer, M. (2013). Determinants of residential electricity consumption: Using smart meter data to examine the effect of climate, building characteristics, appliance stock, and occupants' behavior. Energy, 55, 184-194. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.086
Kim, Y.-H., & Baik, J.-J. (2002). Maximum urban heat island intensity in Seoul. Journal of applied meteorology, 41(6), 651-659.
Kłysik, K., & Fortuniak, K. (1999). Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of Łódź, Poland. Atmospheric Environment, 33(24-25), 3885-3895.
Ko, Y., 2013, “Urban Form and Residential Energy Use: A review of design principles and　research findings”, Journal of Planning Literature, 28(4):327-351.
Kukla, G., Gavin, J., & Karl, T. (1986). Urban warming. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 25(9), 1265-1270.
Kyle, P., Clarke, L., Rong, F., & Smith, S. J. (2010). Climate policy and the long-term evolution of the US buildings sector. The Energy Journal, 31(2).
Lam, K.-C., & Cheng, S. (1998). A synoptic climatological approach to forecast concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution, 101(2), 183-191.
McLoughlin, F., Duffy, A., & Conlon, M. (2012). Characterising domestic electricity consumption patterns by dwelling and occupant socio-economic variables: An Irish case study. Energy and Buildings, 48, 240-248. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.037
Meggers, F., Aschwanden, G., Teitelbaum, E., Guo, H., Salazar, L., & Bruelisauer, M. (2016). Urban cooling primary energy reduction potential: System losses caused by microclimates. Sustainable Cities and Society, 27, 315-323. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.007
Mills, G. (2008). Luke Howard and The Climate of London. Weather, Vol. 63, No. 6, 5.
Mitchell, J. M. (1953). On the causes of instrumentally observed secular temperature trends. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 10(4), 244-261.
Nielsen, L. (1993). Results from a Danish research project on electricity savings. 12.
Oke, T. R. (1976). The distinction between canopy and boundary‐layer urban heat islands. Atmosphere, 14(4), 268-277. doi:10.1080/00046973.1976.9648422
Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island.pdf>. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, 108, 24.
Oke, T. R. (1997). Urban Climates and Global Environmental Change. Applied Climatology, 15.
Oke, T. R., & CLEUGH, H. A. (1987). Urban heat storage derived as energy balance residuals. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 39, 13.
Oliveira, S., Andrade, H., & Vaz, T. (2011). The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon. Building and Environment, 46(11), 2186-2194. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034
Palme, M., Inostroza, L., Villacreses, G., Lobato-Cordero, A., & Carrasco, C. (2017). From urban climate to energy consumption. Enhancing building performance simulation by including the urban heat island effect. Energy and Buildings, 145, 107-120. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.069
Portman, D. A. (1993). Identifying and correcting urban bias in regional time series: surface temperature in China's northern plains. Journal of Climate, 6(12), 2298-2308.
Qin, Y. (2015). A review on the development of cool pavements to mitigate urban heat island effect. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 445-459. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.177
Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C., Synnefa, A., & Kolokotsa, D. (2015). On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review. Energy and Buildings, 98, 119-124. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.052
Santamouris, M., Kapsis, K., Korres, D., Livada, I., Pavlou, C., & Assimakopoulos, M. N. (2007). On the relation between the energy and social characteristics of the residential sector. Energy and Buildings, 39(8), 893-905. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.11.001
Smardon, R. C., Palmer, J. F., & Felleman, J. P. (1986). Foundations for visual project analysis: Wiley-Interscience.
Straub, A., Berger, K., Breitner, S., Cyrys, J., Geruschkat, U., Jacobeit, J., . . . Beck, C. (2019). Statistical modelling of spatial patterns of the urban heat island intensity in the urban environment of Augsburg, Germany. Urban Climate, 29. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100491
Sun, C.-Y., Kato, S., Sung, W.-P., Lin, H.-T., Wang, F.-J., & Ou, W.-S. (2009). A Thermal Environment Investigation Of The Urban Street Canyon In A Hot And Humid City, Taichung City, Taiwan. Paper presented at the Proceedings of The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate. Yokohama, Japan.
Tso, G. (2003). A study of domestic energy usage patterns in Hong Kong. Energy, 28(15), 1671-1682. doi:10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00153-1
Uemoto, K. L., Sato, N. M. N., & John, V. M. (2010). Estimating thermal performance of cool colored paints. Energy and Buildings, 42(1), 17-22. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.07.026
Voogt, J. A., & Oke, T. R. (2003). Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 370-384. doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(03)00079-8
Wang, C., Wang, Z.-H., Kaloush, K. E., & Shacat, J. (2021). Cool pavements for urban heat island mitigation: A synthetic review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 146. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111171
Wang, X., Cheng, H., Xi, J., Yang, G., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Relationship between Park Composition, Vegetation Characteristics and Cool Island Effect. Sustainability, 10(3). doi:10.3390/su10030587
Yohanis, Y. G., Mondol, J. D., Wright, A., & Norton, B. (2008). Real-life energy use in the UK: How occupancy and dwelling characteristics affect domestic electricity use. Energy and Buildings, 40(6), 1053-1059.
Yuan, F., & Bauer, M. E. (2007). Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 106(3), 375-386. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.003
英文報告
USGS. (2020). Landsat 8-9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) - Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Collection 2 Level 1 (L1) Data Format Control Book (DFCB): U.S. Geological Survey.
U.S. EPA. (2008). Urban Heat Island Basics (Vol. Draft). Unitd States: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
中文文獻
李彥墨。(2009)。都市住區建築配置型態對熱島效應影響之模擬分析。(碩士)。中國文化大學，台北市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2zx2w6
李魁鵬。(1999)。台灣四大都會區都市熱島之研究。(博士)。國立成功大學，台南市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/823g8m
周淑貞，&束炯。(1994)。城市气候学：气象。
林炯明。(2010)。都市熱島效應之影響及其環境意涵。環境與生態學報，第3卷第1期，15。
林憲德，孫振義，李魁鵬，&郭曉青。(2005)。台南地區都市規模與都市熱島強度之研究。都市與計劃，32(1)，83-97。
林憲德。(1994)。現代人的居住環境。
林憲德。(1999)。台灣四大都會區熱島效應實測解析（一）----國內外都市熱島效應強度之比較. 建築學報, 31.
林寶秀。(2010)。植栽綠地降溫效果之研究。(博士)。國立臺灣大學，台北市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ee2z4z
施瑩瑄。(2003)。綠建築標章的七個指標之六-二氧化碳減量指標。
孫振義，&林憲德。(2006)。台南地區都市熱島強度全年變動之研究。都市與計劃，33(1)，51-68。doi:10。6128/CP。33。1。51
孫振義。(2003)。台南地區都市熱島研究。(碩士)。國立成功大學，台南市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/kpg2vb
郭柏巖。(2005)。住宅耗電實測解析與評估系統之研究。(博士)。國立成功大學，台南市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/g6m9h3
郭騰隆。(2011)。臺灣地區住宅用戶之電力需求函數研究。(碩士)。國立臺北大學，新北市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/35u75x
楊洋。(2016)。以景觀生態學觀點分析綠地對都市熱島效應之影響-以屏東縣為例。(碩士)。國立屏東科技大學，屏東縣。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/huahuy
毓倫呂。(2008)。應用遙測影像衛星地表溫度資料探討都市熱島現像與社經空間發展之關係。第十二屆(2008年)國土規劃論壇。
經濟部能源局. (2017). 氣溫對我國電力消費的影響
廖夆淇。(2009)。土地利用型態組成與都市微氣候關係之實測研究－以台中市為例。(碩士)。逢甲大學，台中市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/uaq8ef
中文書籍
林子平. (2021). 都市的夏天為什麼越來越熱？：圖解都市熱島現象與退燒策略. 台北市: 商周出版社.
網路資料
WMO. (2021). State of the Global Climate 2021: WMO Provisional report. (https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21982#.Yb3grWhByUk)