雷暴系統的向上放電現象在近二十年才被記錄到影像，因為他們的外形類似噴泉的圓錐體所以被命名為噴流事件。噴流事件被歸類在高空短暫發光現象，其為介於雷暴系統頂部至電離層底部的大尺度發光現象。依據放電抵達的高度噴流事件主要分成blue starter、藍色噴流以及巨大噴流。自從2004年5月福爾摩沙衛星二號升空後，其科學酬載“高空大氣閃電影像儀(Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning, ISUAL)”持續地進行全球性的高空短暫發光現象觀測。至2015年6月30日，ISUAL紀錄了接近100個巨大噴流，其被認定建立了直接連接雷暴系統頂部至電離層底部的通道。除了典型帶負電荷往上放電的巨大噴流之外，另外還有兩種類型的巨大噴流。第一類型巨大噴流的動態發展類似於地面觀測到的帶負電荷往上放電的巨大噴流。由電磁波訊號，第一類型巨大噴流認定為帶負電荷從雲頂至電離層的放電。第二類型巨大噴流的動態發展一開始為藍色噴流再慢慢往上形成巨大噴流，被猜測為介於雷暴系統上層正電荷層與負電荷屏蔽層之間所觸發的藍色噴流類型之放電。光度的特性指出第二類型巨大噴流是由正流束所組成，更進一步的天電訊號分析顯示一個ISUAL所紀錄的第二類型巨大噴流為帶正電荷往上的放電。第三類型巨大噴流則是在閃電發生之後靠近閃電的位置附近所發展的巨大噴流，其放電極性猜測與觸發閃電所造成的電荷不平衡有關。
2007年7月22日由地面觀測拍攝到38個發生於雷暴系統之上的噴流事件，其中一個事件為第二類型巨大噴流，此為第一個由地面觀測所記錄到的第二類型巨大噴流。由裝載不同濾鏡的攝影機所記錄的影像，噴流事件被發現有清楚的紅光，而他們的藍光幾乎被大氣散射所以在影像中無法分辨。由理論估計流束的發光，結果顯示在blue starter以及藍色噴流上方區域的紅光主要來自氮氣第一正則譜系。因為在噴流事件發生之期間，相同雷暴系統所產生的閃電之天電訊號沒有被記錄到，噴流事件與閃電活動的關聯性則由影像中雲內閃電或是對地閃電所造成雲的發光來分析。分析結果顯示兩者的關聯性相當複雜，有些噴流事件的出現會受先前發生在當地的對地閃電或者鄰近的雲內或對地閃電影響，而有些噴流事件的出現則可能影響後續發生的閃電活動。
ISUAL紀錄了許多神秘的藍色發光事件，它們輻射明顯的中紫外光至藍光(230−450 nm)以及暗淡的紅光(653−754 nm)。大多數的藍色發光事件在ISUAL所紀錄的影像中呈現小亮點狀，一小部分的事件則往上且緩慢地發展，最終成為藍色噴流或者第二類型巨大噴流。對應於藍色發光事件的極低頻至甚低頻波段以及低頻波段的天電訊號，其波形與甚低頻至低頻波段的雙極窄脈衝事件之波形相似，推測ISUAL的藍色發光事件應是與雙極窄脈衝事件類似的事件所伴隨的發光。藍色發光事件中有對應正與反二種極性的放電；由天電訊號與ISUAL光學資料，藍色發光事件與雷暴系統中初始放電的快速電流有關，而藍色噴流或第二型巨大噴流，則推測與後續緩慢地變化的放電電流有關。藍色發光事件的光譜特性顯示發光主要來自由局域增強的電場所產生之非熱平衡大氣電漿，而非來自局域熱力平衡的高溫大氣電漿。

The upward discharges from the electrified thunderstorms have only been recorded about two decades ago. They are termed as jets because of their fountain-like cone shapes. Jets are members of the transient luminous events (TLEs) which are large-scale transient optical phenomena occurring between the top of the thunderstorms and the lower ionosphere. Characterized by their terminating altitudes, the prominent family of jets includes blue starters, blue jets (BJs), and gigantic jets (GJs). The ISUAL (Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning) experiment on the FORMOSAT-2 satellite has continuously and globally surveyed TLEs from space since it was launched in May 2004. As of 30 June 2015, ISUAL has recorded nearly a hundred gigantic jets, which are believed to establish a direct discharge channel between the thunderstorm top and the lower ionosphere. Besides the known class of negative GJs, which are called type I, the data reveal that there are two additional kinds of gigantic jets. The dynamic evolution of the type I GJs resembles that of the negative GJs observed from the ground. Based on the electromagnetic data, type I GJs are identified as negative cloud‐to‐ionosphere‐discharge events (−CIs). The dynamic evolution of a type II GJ starts as a blue jet then slowly develops into a GJ. The type II GJs are conjectured to be blue-jet-type discharges that initiate between the upper positive charge layer and the negative screen charge layer in a thunderstorm. Photometric features indicate that type II GJs are composed of positive streamers. A further analysis of the associated atmospherics (also called sferics) of one ISUAL recorded type II GJ indicates that this GJ is a positive upward discharge. Type III GJs were preceded by lightning, and a GJ subsequently occurred near this preceding lightning. The discharge polarity of the type III GJs is expected to vary and depends on the charge imbalance left behind by the trigger lighting.
On 22 July 2007, thirty-eight jets occurring over a thunderstorm were recorded during a ground campaign. One of them is a type II GJ, which was the first GJ of this type that was recorded from the ground. Based on the images recorded by a cluster of filter‐equipped cameras, the jets are found to have significant red emissions. However, the blue emissions from these jets were not discernible due to severe atmospheric scattering. A modeling estimation of the emissions from a streamer reveals that the red emissions originated in the upper parts of blue starters and blue jets would be mainly from the first positive system of N2 (1PN2). Since no lightning‐associated sferics from this thunderstorm during the jet‐generating period were found, correlation patterns between the jets and the lightning activity are analyzed from the illumination of clouds due to intra-cloud (ICs) and cloud-to-ground (CGs) lightning. The correlation patterns exhibit considerable complexity but also indicate that the occurrence of jets can be affected by the preceding local CG lightning or nearby lightning (IC or CG), while in turn the jets might also influence the ensuing lightning activity.
ISUAL has recorded many mystic blue luminous events (BLEs) that emit clear middle ultraviolet to blue emissions (230−450 nm) but contain dim red emissions (653−754 nm). Most BLEs appear to be dot-like on the ISUAL images, and a few BLEs develop upwardly and slowly into blue jets or type II GJs. The associated sferics of the BLEs in the extremely low frequency to the very low frequency (ELF/VLF) band and the low frequency (LF) band exhibit similar features to those of the VLF/LF waveform for the narrow bipolar events (NBEs). The ISUAL BLE is conjectured to be the accompanied light emissions of the NBE-like event. Both positive and negative discharge polarity-types for the BLEs have been found. Based on the sferics data and the ISUAL optical data, a NBE-like event is found to be related to a rapidly-flowing current of the initiation discharge in the thunderstorm, while a blue jet or a type II GJ is suggested to be associated with the slowly-varying current of the ensuing discharge. The spectral characteristics of BLEs resemble those of the emissions mostly from the non-thermal air plasmas produced by the locally-enhanced electric field, rather than those from the hot air plasmas in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE).

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