本研究以雙碳鏈陽離子型界面活性劑dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide（DHDAB）及單鏈陰離子型界面活性劑sodium hexadecylsulfate （SHS）所形成之三碳鏈離子對雙親分子dihexadecyldimethylammonium-hexadecylsulfate（DHDA-HS）為主材料，添加膽固醇以強制型製程製備出陰陽離子液胞，並分析膽固醇的添加對於液胞物理特性、雙層膜的相轉移行為及流動性的影響。同時利用分子動力學模擬探討DHDA-HS／膽固醇雙層膜的結構特性及機械性質，以進一步了解膽固醇對液胞雙層膜結構中分子排列的影響機制。
實驗結果顯示，純成分DHDA-HS可形成穩定的液胞，但液胞表面的帶電特性隨著保存時間的增加逐漸減少，靜電排斥作用不足以避免液胞彼此聚集／融合，穩定時間並不長。添加膽固醇後，所形成之液胞的界面電位沒有明顯的變化，但能有效提升液胞的物理穩定性，可見DHDA-HS液胞系統的物理穩定性除了和液胞間的靜電排斥作用有關外，液胞雙層膜內的分子排列也扮演重要的角色。螢光偏極化法及動態雷射光散射法的分析結果顯示，膽固醇的添加能抑制DHDA-HS／膽固醇液胞雙層膜的相轉移行為。而當膽固醇添加量高於30 mol%時，由螢光偏極化的結果推測雙層膜中有膽固醇結晶的產生，此時液胞雙層膜的相轉移行為幾乎已消失。添加10 mol%的膽固醇時，相轉移溫度有最大值，推測是雙層膜中分子排列較緊密所導致的。
關於DHDA-HS／膽固醇液胞雙層膜的排列特性及流動性，由紅外光譜法、螢光偏極化法及分子模擬的分析結果得知，添加10 mol%的膽固醇時，雙層膜整體的碳鏈排列趨於規則，但靠近雙層膜中心的流動性上升，這歸因於膽固醇對DHDA-HS碳氫鏈不同區段有不同的效應。而隨著膽固醇含量的增加，雙層膜整體的排列規則性下降，靠近雙層膜中心的流動性也提升，此時由膽固醇的不規則效應主導。
透過分析分子頭基在雙層膜法線方向的密度分布及二維徑向分布函數，發現膽固醇的添加對於頭基排列行為的影響有限，與實驗上量測到的液胞初始界面電位無顯著變化的結果有關。藉由分析雙層膜的面積壓縮模數、分子傾角模數及有效彎曲模數，可了解雙層膜的機械性質，發現添加膽固醇對雙層膜有效彎曲模數的影響與所形成之液胞大小有關。

In this study, an ion pair amphiphile (IPA) with trihexadecyl-chained structure, dihexadecyldimethylammonium-hexadecylsulfate (DHDA-HS), was obtained as precipitate from mixed aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant, sodium hexadecylsulfate, and cationic surfactant, dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide. Physical properties, membrane fluidity, and bilayer structure characteristic of catanionic vesicles fabricated from the IPA and cholesterol by a forced formation approach were then investigated. DHDA-HS vesicles could be fabricated in aqueous phase with an average size of 125 nm but with poor physical stability. In order to improve physical stability of the DHDA-HS vesicles, cholesterol was used as an additive. With the addition of cholesterol into the vesicular structures, the physical stability of the DHDA-HS vesicles could be improved with no significant change in the zeta potential. Fluorescence polarization, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses indicated that the addition of cholesterol into the DHDA-HS vesicles could have different effects on the molecular packing characteristic and vesicular membrane fluidity in different membrane regions. The phase transition temperature of the vesicular bilayers was increased with the addition of cholesterol at a low content but seemed to be reduced with the addition of cholesterol at a high content. Simulation analyses showed that the addition of cholesterol would affect the bending modulus of the vesicular bilayers, which was consistent with the findings in the size of DHDA-HS vesicles.

Ang, I. A., “含對稱雙十二碳鏈離子對雙親分子及帶負電脂質之陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命E醋酸酯包覆效率,” 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 2011.
Apel-Paz, M., G. F. Doncel and T. K. Vanderlick, “Impact of membrane cholesterol content on the resistance of vesicles to surfactant attack,” Langmuir 21, 22, 9843-9849, 2005.
Bach, D. and Wachtel, E., “Phospholipid/cholesterol model membranes: formation of cholesterol crystallites,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1610, 2, 187-197, 2003.
Bernsdorff, C., and Winter, R, “Differential properties of the sterols cholesterol, ergosterol, beta-sitosterol, trans-7-dehydrocholesterol, stigmasterol and lanosterol on DPPC bilayer order,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 38, 10658-10664, 2003.
Bhattacharya, S., De, S. M. and Subramanian, M., “Synthesis and vesicle formation from hybrid bolaphile/amphiphile ion-pairs. Evidence of membrane property modulation by molecular design,” Journal of Organic Chemistry, 63, 22, 7640-7651, 1998.
Bhattacharya, S. and Haldar, S., “Interactions between cholesterol and lipids in bilayer membranes. Role of lipid headgroup and hydrocarbon chain-backbone linkage,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1467, 1, 39-53, 2000.
Blandamer, M. J., Briggs, B., Cullis, P. M., Rawlings, B. J. and Engberts, J., “Vesicle - cholesterol interactions: Effects of added cholesterol on gel-to-liquid crystal transitions in a phospholipid membrane and five dialkyl-based vesicles as monitored using DSC,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5, 23, 5309-5312, 2003.
Blanzat, M., Perez, E., Rico-Lattes, I., Prome, D., Prome, J. C. and Lattes, A., “New catanionic glycolipids. 1. Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of double - chain and gemini catanionic analogues of galactosylceramide (gal beta(1)cer),” Langmuir, 15, 19, 6163-6169, 1999.
Borochov, N., Wachtel, E. J. and Bach, D., “Phase - behavior of mixtures of cholesterol and saturated phosphatidylglycerols,” Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 76, 1, 85-92, 1995.
Brasher, L. L., Herrington, K. L. and Kaler, E. W., “Electrostatic effects on the phase - behavior of aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium octyl sulfate mixtures with added sodium-bromide,” Langmuir, 11, 11, 4267-4277, 1995.
Brito, R. O., Marques, E. F., Silva, S. G., do Vale, M. L., Gomes, P., Araujo, M. J., Rodriguez-Borges, J. E., Infante, M. R., Garcia, M. T., Ribosa, I., Vinardell, M. P., Mitjans, M., “Physicochemical and toxicological properties of novel amino acid-based amphiphiles and their spontaneously formed catanionic vesicles,” Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 72, 1, 80-87, 2009.
Bui, T. T., Suga, K., and Umakoshi, H., “Roles of Sterol Derivatives in Regulating the Properties of Phospholipid Bilayer Systems,” Langmuir, 32, 24, 6176-6184, 2016.
Campbell, R. B., Balasubramanian, S. V. and Straubinger, R. M., “Phospholipid - cationic lipid interactions: influences on membrane and vesicle properties,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1512, 1, 27-39, 2001.
Carmona - Ribeiro, A. M., Ortis, F., Schumacher, R. I. and Armelin, M. C. S., “Interactions between cationic vesicles and cultured mammalian cells,” Langmuir, 13, 8, 2215-2218, 1997.
Carrion, F. J., Delamaza, A. and Parra, J. L., “The influence of ionic-strength and lipid bilayer charge on the stability of liposomes,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 164, 1, 78-87, 1994.
Chien, C. L., Yeh, S. J., Yang, Y. M., Chang, C. H. and Maa, J. R., “Formation and encapsulation of catanionic vesicles,” Journal of the Chinese Colloid and Interface Society, 24, 31-45, 2002.
Chiruvolu, S., Israelachvili, J. N., Naranjo, E., Xu, Z., Zasadzinski, J. A., Kaler, E. W. and Herrington, K. L., “Measurement of forces between spontaneous vesicle-forming bilayers,” Langmuir, 11, 11, 4256-4266, 1995.
Chung, M. H. and Chung, Y. C., “Polymerized ion pair amphiphile that shows remarkable enhancement in encapsulation efficiency and very slow release of fluorescent markers,” Colloids and Surfaces B - Biointerfaces, 24, 2, 111-121, 2002.
Chung, M. H., Park, C., Chun, B. C. and Chung, Y. C., “Polymerized ion pair amphiphile vesicles with pH-sensitive transformation and controlled release property,” Colloids and Surfaces B - Biointerfaces, 34, 3, 179-184, 2004.
Chung, M. H., Park, M. J., Chun, B. C. and Chung, Y. C., “Encapsulation and permeation properties of the polymerized ion pair amphiphile vesicle that has an additional carboxyl group on anionic chain,” Colloids and Surfaces B - Biointerfaces, 28, 2-3, 83-93, 2003.
Eastman, S. J., Siegel, C., Tousignant, J., Smith, A. E., Cheng, S. H. and Scheule, R. K., “Biophysical characterization of cationic lipid: DNA complexes,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1325, 1, 41-62, 1997.
Evans, D. F. and Wemmerström, H., “The Colloidal Domain: Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Technology Meet,” VCH, New York, 110-114, 1994.
Feitosa, E., Jansson, J. and Lindman, B., “The effect of chain length on the melting temperature and size of dialkyldimethylammonium bromide vesicles,” Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 142, 1-2, 128-132, 2006.
Feller, S.E. and Pastor, R.W., “Constant surface tension simulations of lipid bilayers: The sensitivity of surface areas and compressibilities,” The Journal of chemical physics, 111, 3, 1281-1287, 1999.
Fischer, A., Hebrant, M. and Tondre, C., “Glucose encapsulation in catanionic vesicles and kinetic study of the entrapment/release processes in the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate/cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate/water system,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 248, 1, 163-168, 2002.
Fukuda, H., Kawata, K., Okuda, H. and Regen, S. L., “Bilayer-forming ion-pair amphiphiles from single-chain surfactants,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 112, 4, 1635-1637, 1990.
Gunarsa, C. A., “含雙十六碳鏈磷酸鹽之陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命E包覆效率,” 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 2010.
Guo W. and James A. Hamilton, “A multinuclear solid - state NMR study of phospholipid - cholesterol interactions. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine - cholesterol binary system,” Biochemistry, 34, 43, 14174-14184, 1995.
Haas, S., Hoffmann, H., Thunig, C., and Hoinkis, E., “Phase and aggregation behaviour of double-chain cationic surfactants from the class of N-alkyl-N-alkyl'-N, N-dimethylammonium bromide surfactants,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 277, 9, 856-867, 1999.
Hac-Wydro, K., Wydro, P. and Dynarowicz-Latka, P., “Interactions between dialkyldimethylammonium bromides (DXDAB) and sterols - a monolayer study,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 286, 2, 504-510, 2005.
Heimburg, T., “A model for the lipid pretransition: coupling of ripple formation with the chain - melting transition,” Biophysical Journal, 78, 3, 1154-1165, 2000.
Heller, H., Schaefer, M. and Schulten, K., “Molecular dynamics simulation of a bilayer of 200 lipids in the gel and in the liquid crystal phase,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97, 31, 8343-8360, 1993.
Hirano, K., Fukuda, H. and Regen, S. L., “Polymerizable ion-paired amphiphiles,” Langmuir, 7, 6, 1045-1047, 1991.
Holmberg, K., “Handbook of applied surface and colloid chemistry. Volume 2, ” John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 IUD, England, 47-48, 2002.
Huang, C. J., Quinn, D., Sadovsky, Y., Suresh, S., and Hsia, K. J., “Formation and size distribution of self-assembled vesicles,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 11, 2910-2915, 2017.
Israelachvili, J. N., Mitchell, D. J. and Ninham, B. W., “Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers,” Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii, 72, 1525-1568, 1976.
Jayme, M. L., Dunstan, D. E. and Gee, M. L., “Zeta potentials of gum arabic stabilised oil in water emulsions,” Food Hydrocolloids, 13, 6, 459-465, 1999.
Jubeh, T. T., Barenholz, Y. and Rubinstein, A., “Differential adhesion of normal and inflamed rat colonic mucosa by charged liposomes,” Pharmaceutical Research, 21, 3, 447-453, 2004.
Kaler, E. W., Murthy, A. K., Rodriguez, B. E. and Zasadzinski, J. A. N., “Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous mixtures of single-tailed surfactants,” Science, 245, 4924, 1371-1374, 1989.
Keough, K. M. W. and Davis, P. J., “Gel to liquid-crystalline phase-transitions in water dispersions of saturated mixed-acid phosphatidylcholines,” Biochemistry, 18, 8, 1453-1459, 1979.
Khelashvili, G. and Harries, D., “How cholesterol tilt modulates the mechanical properties of saturated and unsaturated lipid membranes,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 117, 8, 2411-2421, 2013.
Khelashvili, G., Kollmitzer, B., Heftberger, P., Pabst, G. and Harries, D., ”Calculating the bending modulus for multicomponent lipid membranes in different thermodynamic phases,” Journal of chemical theory and computation, 9, 9, 3866-3871, 2013.
Khelashvili, G., Pabst, G. and Harries, D., “Cholesterol orientation and tilt modulus in DMPC bilayers,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 114, 22, 7524-7534, 2010.
Kida, T., Tanaka, T., Nakatsuji, Y. and Akashi, M., “Formation of micrometer-sized supramolecular assemblies with unique morphologies from triple-chain lipids with two sugar head groups,” Chemistry Letters, 35, 1, 112-113, 2006.
Knoll, W., Schmidt, G., Ibel, K. and Sackmann, E., “Small-angle neutron scattering study of lateral phase separation in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed membranes,” American Chemical Society, 24, 19, 5240-5246, 1985.
Kondo, Y., Uchiyama, H., Yoshino, N., Nishiyama, K. and Abe, M., “Spontaneous vesicle formation from aqueous-solutions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl-sulfate mixtures,” Langmuir, 11, 7, 2380-2384, 1995.
Kranenburg, M., and Smit, B., “Phase behavior of model lipid bilayers,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 14, 6553-6563, 2005.
Kuo, A.-T., Chang, C.-H., Shinoda, W., “Molecular dynamics study of catanionic bilayers composed of ion pair amphiphile with double-tailed cationic surfactant,” Langmuir 28, 8156-8164, 2012.
Kuo, A. T. and Chang, C. H., “Cholesterol-induced condensing and disordering effects on a rigid catanionic bilayer: a molecular dynamics study,” Langmuir, 30, 1, 55-62, 2014.
Ladbrooke, B. D., Williams, R. M. and Chapman, D., “Studies on lecithin-cholesterol-water interactions by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 150, 3, 333-340, 1968.
Lasic, D. D., “Liposomes: from physics to applications,” Elsevier Amsterdam, New York, 265-318, 1993.
Lasic, D. D. and Papahadjopoulos, D., “Liposomes and biopolymers in drug and gene delivery,” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, 1, 3, 392-400, 1996.
Lasic, D. D., “Liposomes in gene delivery,” CRC press, New York, 67-112, 1997.
Lee, W. H., Tang, Y. L., Chiu, T. C. and Yang, Y. M., “Synthesis of ion-pair amphiphiles and calorimetric study on the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition behavior of their bilayers,” Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 60, 4, 1119-1125, 2015.
Li, F., Luan, Y., Liu, X., Pang, J., Lin, G., Shao, W. and Li, Z., “Characterization and aggregation behaviors of mixed DDAB/SDS solution with and without poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium,” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 32, 11, 1624-1633, 2011.
Liang, C. H. and Chou, T. H., “Effect of chain length on physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of cationic vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholines and dialkyldimethylammonium bromides,” Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 158, 2, 81-90, 2009.
Lonnfors, M., Engberg, O., Peterson, B. R., and Slotte, J. P., “Interaction of 3 beta-Amino-5-cholestene with Phospholipids in Binary and Ternary Bilayer Membranes,” Langmuir, 28, 1, 648-655, 2012.
Lopes, S., Neves, C., Eaton, P. and Gameiro, P., “Cardiolipin, a key component to mimic the E. coli bacterial membrane in model system membranes,” Biophysical Journal, 100, 3, 626-626, 2011.
Manohar, C, and Narayanan, J., “Average packing factor approach for designing micelles, vesicles and gel phases in mixed surfactant systems,” Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 403, 129-132, 2012.
Marques, E. F., Brito, R. O., Silva, S. G., Rodriguez-Borges, J. E., do Vale, M. L., Gomes, P., Araujo, M. J., Soderman, O. “Spontaneous vesicle formation in catanionic mixtures of amino acid-based surfactants: Chain length symmetry effects,” Langmuir, 24, 19, 11009-11017, 2008.
Marques, E. F., Regev, O., Khan, A. and Lindman, B., “Self-organization of double-chained and pseudodouble-chained surfactants: counterion and geometry effects,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100, 83-104, 2003.
Marsh, D., “CRC handbook of lipid bilayers,” 1990.
Martínez, L., Andrade, R., Birgin, E.G., and Martínez, J.M., “PACKMOL: a package for building initial configurations for molecular dynamics simulations,” Journal of Computational Chemistry, 30, 13, 2157-2164, 2009.
Massey, J. B., “Interfacial properties of phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing vitamin E derivatives,” Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 109, 2, 157-174, 2001.
McMullen, T. P. W., Lewis, R. and McElhaney, R. N., “Differential scanning calorimetric study of the effect of cholesterol on the thermotropic phase - behavior of a homologous series of linear saturated phosphatidylcholines,” Biochemistry, 32, 2, 516-522, 1993.
McMullen, T. P. W., Lewis, R. and McElhaney, R. N., “Differential scanning calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies of the effects of cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior and organization of a homologous series of linear saturated phosphatidylserine bilayer membranes,” Biophysical Journal, 79, 4, 2056-2065, 2000.
Mel'nikova, Y. S., Mel'nikov, S. M. and Lofroth, J. E., “Physico-chemical aspects of the interaction between DNA and oppositely charged mixed liposomes,” Biophysical Chemistry, 81, 2, 125-141, 1999.
Menger, F. M., Binder, W. H. and Keiper, J. S., “Cationic surfactants with counterions of glucuronate glycosides,” Langmuir, 13, 12, 3247-3250, 1997.
Merino - Montero, S., Montero, M. T. and Hernandez - Borrell, J., “Effects of lactose permease of Escherichia coli on the anisotropy and electrostatic surface potential of liposomes,” Biophysical Chemistry, 119, 1, 101-105, 2006.
Michel, N., Fabiano, A. S., Polidori, A., Jack, R. and Pucci, B., “Determination of phase transition temperatures of lipids by light scattering,” Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 139, 1, 11-19, 2006.
Mukerjee, P. and Mysels, K.J., “Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems,” National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, USA, 77, 1971.
New, R. R. C., “Liposomes: a practical approach,” Oxford University Press, New York, 1-32, 1990.
Panda, A. K., Possmayer, F., Petersen, N. O., Nag, K. and Moulik, S. P., “Physico - chemical studies on mixed oppositely charged surfactants: Their uses in the preparation of surfactant ion selective membrane and monolayer behavior at the air water interface,” Colloids and Surfaces A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 264, 1-3, 106-113, 2005.
Pucci, C., Scipioni, A., Diociaiuti, M., La Mesa, C., Perez, L., and Pons, R., “Catanionic vesicles and DNA complexes: a strategy towards novel gene delivery systems,” Rsc Advances, 5, 99, 81168-81175, 2015.
Saito, S., “Solubilities of ionic surfactants in aqueous polymer solutions,” Kolloid-Zeitschrift and Zeitschrift Fur Polymere, 215, 1, 16-21, 1967.
Schindler, H. and Seelig, J., “Deuterium order parameters in relation to thermodynamic properties of a phospholipid bilayer. Statistical mechanical interpretation,” Biochemistry, 14, 11, 2283-2287, 1975.
Segota, S. and Tezak, D., “Spontaneous formation of vesicles,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 121, 1-3, 51-75, 2006.
Song, Y. K. and Liu, D. X., “Free liposomes enhance the transfection activity of DNA/lipid complexes in vivo by intravenous administration,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1372, 1, 141-150, 1998.
Soussan, E., Mille, C., Blanzat, M., Bordat, P. and Rico-Lattes, I., “Sugar-derived tricatenar catanionic surfactant: synthesis, self-assembly properties, and hydrophilic probe encapsulation by vesicles,” Langmuir, 24, 2326-2330, 2008.
Sumida, Y., Masuyama, A., Maekawa, H., Takasu, M., Kida, T., Nakatsuji, Y., Ikeda, I. and Nojima, M., “Stable vesicles made from new triple-chain amphiphiles: long-term stability toward leakage of the trapped substances,” Chemical Communications, 21, 2385-2386, 1998.
Sumida, Y., Masuyama, A., Takasu, M., Kida, T., Nakatsuji, Y., Ikeda, I. and Nojima, M., “Behavior of self-organized molecular assemblies composed of phosphatidylcholines and synthetic triple-chain amphiphiles in water,” Langmuir, 16, 21, 8005-8009, 2000.
Sumida, Y., Masuyama, A., Takasu, M., Kida, T., Nakatsuji, Y., Ikeda, I. and Nojima, M., “New pH-sensitive vesicles. Release control of trapped materials from the inner aqueous phase of vesicles made from triple-chain amphiphiles bearing two carboxylate groups,” Langmuir, 17, 3, 609-612, 2001.
Tieleman, D. P., Marrink, S. J., and Berendsen, H. J. C., “A computer perspective of membranes: molecular dynamics studies of lipid bilayer systems,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1331, 3, 235-270, 1997.
Tomasic, V., Stefanic, I. and Filipovic-Vincekovic, N., “Adsorption, association and precipitation in hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecyl sulfate mixtures,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 277, 2-3, 153-163, 1999.
Tondre, C. and Caillet, C., “Properties of the amphiphilic films in mixed cationic/anionic vesicles: a comprehensive view from a literature analysis,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 93, 1-3, 115-134, 2001.
Vautrin, C., Zemb, T., Schneider, M. and Tanaka, M., “Balance of pH and ionic strength influences on chain melting transition in catanionic vesicles,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 23, 7986-7991, 2004.
Vermeer, L.S., De Groot, B.L., Réat, V., Milon, A. and Czaplicki, J., “Acyl chain order parameter profiles in phospholipid bilayers: Computation from molecular dynamics simulations and comparison with 2H NMR experiments,” European Biophysics Journal, 36, 8, 919-931, 2007.
Vist, M. R. and Davis, J. H., “Phase-equilibria of cholesterol dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures:deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry,” Biochemistry, 29, 2, 451-464, 1990.
Walker, S. A. and Zasadzinski, J. A., “Electrostatic control of spontaneous vesicle aggregation,” Langmuir, 13, 19, 5076-5081, 1997.
Wu, C. J., Kuo, A. T., Lee, C. H., Yang, Y. M., and Chang, C. H., “Fabrication of positively charged catanionic vesicles from ion pair amphiphile with double-chained cationic surfactant,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 292, 3, 589-597, 2014.
Yang, Y. M., Wu, K. C., Huang, Z. L. and Chang, C. H., “On the stability of liposomes and catansomes in aqueous alcohol solutions,” Langmuir, 24, 5, 1695-1700, 2008.
Yokouchi, Y., Tsunoda, T., Imura, T., Yamauchi, H., Yokoyama, S., Sakai, H. and Abe, M., “Effect of adsorption of bovine serum albumin on liposomal membrane characteristics,” Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 20, 2, 95-103, 2001.
Yokoyama, S., Inagaki, A., Imura, T., Ohkubo, T., Tsubaki, N., Sakai, H. and Abe, M., “Membrane properties of cationic liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmityldimethylammonium bromide,” Colloids and Surfaces B - Biointerfaces, 44, 4, 204-210, 2005.
Zhang, X. R., Huang, J. B., Mao, M., Tang, S. H. and Zhu, B. Y., “From precipitation to vesicles: a study on self-organized assemblies by alkylammonium and its mixtures in polar solvents,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 279, 12, 1245-1249, 2001.
Zheng, Z., Zhou, M., Qiao, W. and Luo, L., “Spontaneous vesicle formation in mixtures of quaternary ammonium compounds with carbamate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,” Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 18, 1, 171-178, 2015.
Zidar, J., Merzel, f., Hodošček, M., Rebolj, K., Sepčić, K., Maček, P., and Janežič, D., “Liquid-ordered phase formation in cholesterol/sphingomyelin bilayers: all-atom molecular dynamics simulations,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113, 15795, 2009.
Zuidam, N. J. and Barenholz, Y., “Electrostatic parameters of cationic liposomes commonly used for gene delivery as determined by 4-heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1329, 2, 211-222, 1997.
王鈺婷，“帶負電陰陽離子液胞的物化特性及維他命E醋酸酯包覆效率—離子對雙親分子碳鏈結構的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2015。
吳芷容，“利用帶正電的陰陽離子液胞做為DNA載體之可行性的研究，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2008。
呂奇達，“帶正電的陰陽離子液胞與DNA之結合行為的探討，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2005。
李佩蓁，“液胞組成分子的碳鏈長度對於含膽固醇之帶正電陰陽離子液胞物理特性的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2014。
李家如，“含不對稱碳鏈離子對雙親分子及帶負電脂質之陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命E醋酸酯包覆效率，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2011。
李雅鈺，“含膽固醇之陰陽離子液胞穩定性及包覆行為的研究，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2004。
林冠豪，“帶電的陰陽離子液胞之製備及物理穩定性研究，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2004。
洪振益，“溫度效應對帶電陰陽離子液胞釋放行為的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2009。
徐立銘，“陰陽離子液胞包覆行為之探討，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2002。
張家綺，“以碳鏈長度為16-16-12之三碳鏈離子對雙親分子製備之陰陽離子液胞的物理特性，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2016。
張維芬，“添加劑對雙十六碳鏈離子對雙親分子形成之陰陽離子液胞物化特性的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2012。
張維瀚，“添加劑對於陰陽離子雙層膜之相轉移行為的探討，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2012。
陳柏瑋，“白蛋白存在下帶正電陰陽離子液胞穩定性的探討，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2007。
陳振豪，“不對稱碳鏈對離子對雙親分子雙層膜結構性質之影響以及環糊精/聚胺酸雙親分子凝膠化機制之探討，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2016。
黃楓引，“以分子模擬探討碳鏈不對稱性與膽固醇添加劑對於離子對雙親分子雙層膜之結構與機械性質的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2015。
廖怡芬，“長碳鏈醇類添加劑對帶電陰陽離子液胞物理穩定性的影響，”國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2006。