| 研究生: |
劉怡萱 Liu, Yi-Xuan |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
CFD耦合WRF模擬複雜地形風場 CFD-WRF-coupling Modeling of Wind Energy for a Highly Complex Terrain |
| 指導教授: |
苗君易
Miau, Jiun-Jih |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 航空太空工程學系 Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics |
| 論文出版年: | 2020 |
| 畢業學年度: | 108 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 116 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 光學雷達剖風儀 、天氣預報模式(WRF) 、大氣邊界層 、計算流體動力學(CFD) |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Onshore wind LiDAR, The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), Atmospheric boundary layer, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:135 下載:4 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
全球對於風能的利用愈趨重視,而使用CFD模擬的方式將可提高預測何種地形將可產出最大風能之準確性,並同時進而優化風力發電系統。職是之故,本文主要目標在於針對複雜地形建立精確模型進行模擬,用以了解風場特性,並應用於風機選址。WRF單獨使用時雖可模擬出具有最大風能潛力之較佳位置,惟對於複雜地形的地貌的解析能力不足,故本研究將WRF模擬風資料結果輸入至CFD模型的入口條件中,使用了貼近真實的風場資料,同時亦保留複雜地形的精度。使用ZephlR ZX 300光學雷達剖風儀所量測到的真實風場資訊,WRF則模擬同一時間與位置的風場,並將其模擬結果與實地量測資料做比對。
在CFD模擬中採用的是RANS模擬與WRF邊界條件輸入,藉此模擬出接近真實情況的大氣模型,配合風速剖面圖與紊流動能,進而挑選出目標區域內風力潛能最大的位置。此評估方法之優勢在於:光學雷達量測的可動性更高,省去了建立測風塔的開銷,且能驗證模擬的準確度。
There is increasingly more global attention being paid to the use of wind energy. CFD simulations have the potential to improve wind energy prediction on complex terrain and thus make it possible to optimize wind power systems. The main purpose of this study is to establish an accurate model for a simulation of flow over a complex terrain in order to understand the characteristics of the wind field, as well as to select a location to build a wind turbine. Although the WRF model can be used to simulate a location of the greatest potential wind energy, it cannot retain the detailed features of complex terrain while lowering the consumption of computing resources. Therefore, in this work, wind data results simulated with WRF were taken as the boundary conditions of a CFD model. Using the real wind field data measured by the ZephlR ZX 300 onshore wind LiDAR provided a reference with the complex terrain under consideration in this study. In addition, we compared the results simulated with WRF with the field measurement data obtained at the same time and place.
In the CFD simulation, RANS simulation results and WRF boundary conditions were integrated into an atmospheric model, so the simulation results would be close to the actual situation. Using the results of and turbulence kinetic energy made it possible to select the best wind potential area in the target location. The advantages of this evaluation method include: flexible optical radar measurement, timesaving compared to building a wind measurement tower, and accurate simulation results.
[1] O. Karin, Steve, S. & Alastair, D., "Global Wind Report 2018," Global Wind Energy Council, 2019.
[2] 台灣電力公司, "再生能源發展狀況-風力發電," 民109年5月11日.
[3] WWEA, "Half-year Report," The World Wind Energy Association, 2019.
[4] 工研院, "臺灣風力發電設置現況," 經濟部能源局能源統計月報, 民109年4月16日.
[5] 經濟部能源局, "風力發電4年推動計畫," 2020.
[6] S. T. Frandsen, Turbulence and Turbulence-generated Structural Loading in Wind Turbine Clusters. Denmark: Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R, No. 1188(EN), 2007.
[7] M. Stickland, "Wind Turbines-Part 12-1: Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines," IEC 61400-12-1, 2005.
[8] A. R. Gravdahl and N. Vargvei, "Mesoscale Modeling with a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Solver: Assessment of Wind Resources along the Norwegian Coast," in 31st International Energy Agency Experts Meeting, Roskilde, Denmark, 1998, pp. 31-45.
[9] A. Ross and S. Vosper, "Neutral Turbulent Flow over Forested Hills," Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: A Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Applied Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, vol. 131, no. 609, pp. 1841-1862, 2005.
[10] E. Leblebici, G. Ahmet, and I. H. Tuncer, "Atmospheric Turbulent Flow Solutions Coupled with a Mesoscale Weather Prediction Model," presented at the Eccomas special Interest Conference, 3rd South-East European Conference on Computational Mechanics, Kos Island Greece, 2013.
[11] G. A. Moreira, A. A. Dos Santos, C. A. Do Nascimento, and R. M. Valle, "Numerical Study of the Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Complex Terrain," Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 393-407, 2012.
[12] B. W. Yan, Q. S. Li, Y. C. He, and P. W. Chan, "RANS Simulation of Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows Over Complex Terrain by Proper Imposition of Boundary Conditions and Modification on the k-ε Model," Environmental Fluid Mechanics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-23, 2016.
[13] N. Memon and V. R. Kondreddi, "Wind Resource Assessment in Complex Terrain Using CFD," Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, 2005.
[14] R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2012.
[15] L. Prandtl, "On the Motion of a Fluid with Very Small Viscosity " Int. Math. Congr. 3rd., Heidelberg, pp. 484-491, 1904.
[16] M. J. Lighthill, "Boundary Layer Theory," ed. London: Oxford University Press 1963, pp. 46-113.
[17] N. Sridhar, "Numerical Prediction of Wind Flow over Complex Terrain with Shallow and Steep Hills," Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2015.
[18] A. G. Atkins, T. Atkins, and M. Escudier, A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2013.
[19] J. Boussinesq, "Theorie de l'ecoulement tourbillant," Mem. Acad. Sci., vol. 23, p. 46, 1877.
[20] J. Zhang, C. Draxl, T. Hopson, L. Delle Monache, E. Vanvyve, and B.-M. Hodge, "Comparison of Numerical Weather Prediction Based Deterministic and Probabilistic Wind Resource Assessment Methods," Applied Energy, vol. 156, pp. 528-541, 2015.
[21] S. Jung, O. A. Vanli, and S.-D. Kwon, "Wind Energy Potential Assessment Considering the Uncertainties due to Limited Data," Applied Energy, vol. 102, pp. 1492-1503, 2013.
[22] J. S. Touma, "Dependence of the Wind Profile Power Law on Stability for Various Locations," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 863-866, 1977.
[23] L. Prandtl, "Bericht über Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz," ZAMM‐Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 136-139, 1925.
[24] D. B. Spalding, "A Single Formula for the Law of the Wall," Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 455-458, 1961.
[25] E. L. Petersen, N. G. Mortensen, L. Landberg, J. Højstrup, and H. P. Frank, "Wind Power Meteorology. Part I: Climate and Turbulence," Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, vol. 1, no. S1, pp. 25-45, 1998.
[26] J. Wiernga, "Representative Roughness Parameters for Homogeneous Terrain," Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 323-363, 1993.
[27] P. Kohnke, "ANSYS Theory Reference," Swanson Analysis System, 1999.
[28] R. W. Clough, "The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis," in Proceedings of 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh Pa., 1960.
[29] A. J. David, "Computational fluid dynamics: the basics with applications," McGraw-Hill, vol. 547, no. 5, 1995.
[30] 王珉玟、劉澄芳、徐力行, "流體力學(第七版)(公制版) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition," 2014. 新北市:全華圖書
[31] T. M. Soe and S. Khaing, "Comparison of Turbulence Models for Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Wind Flow on Cluster of Buildings in Mandalay," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 337-350, 2017.
[32] O. Reynolds, "On the Dynamical Theory of Incompressible Viscous Fluids and the Determination of the Criterion," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, no. 186, pp. 123-164, 1895.
[33] B. E. Launder and D. B. Spalding, Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, 1972.
[34] H. Detering and D. Etling, "Application of the k-ε Turbulence Model to the Atmospheric Boundary Layer," Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 113-133, 1985.
[35] A. N. Kolmogorov, "Equations of Motion of an Incompressible Turbulent Fluid," Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Ser Phys, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 56-58, 1942.
[36] F. R. Menter, "Influence of Freestream Values on k-w Turbulence Model Predictions," AIAA journal, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1657-1659, 1992.
[37] M. Magnini, "CFD Modeling of Two-phase Boiling Flows in the Slug Flow Regime with an Interface Capturing Technique," Ingegneria energetica, nucleare e del controllo ambientale, 2012.
[38] R. Courant, E. Isaacson, and M. Rees, "On the Solution of Nonlinear Hyperbolic Differential Equations by Finite Differences," Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 243-255, 1952.
[39] A. Bakker, "Lecture 6-Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics," Fluent Inc., Power-Point Presentation. 2002.
[40] M. Spiegel et al., "Tetrahedral vs. Polyhedral Mesh Size Evaluation on Flow Velocity and Wall Shear Stress for Cerebral Hemodynamic Simulation," Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 9-22, 2011.
[41] M. Bruce, "Numerical Simulation of Seaweed and Flow Interaction," Master, Department of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, UK, 2012.
[42] H. Schlichting and K. Gersten, Boundary-layer Theory. Springer, 2016.
[43] A. Russell, "Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Atmospheric Flow Applied to Wind Energy Research," Master, Mechanical and Biomechanical Engineering, Boise State University, 2009.
[44] R. Courant, K. Friedrichs, and H. Lewy, "Uber die partiellen differenzangleichungen der mathematisches," Mathematische Annalen, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 32-74, 1928.
[45] 陳剛、李克非, "基於CFD模型風能資源模擬應用進展," 氣象與環境學報, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 160-164, 2016年10月.
[46] C. Werner, "Doppler Wind LiDAR," Springer, 2005, pp. 325-354.
[47] R. Frehlich, S. M. Hannon, and S. W. Henderson, "Coherent Doppler LiDAR Measurements of Wind Field Statistics," Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 233-256, 1998.
[48] C. Slinger and M. Harris, Introduction to Continuous-wave Doppler LiDAR. Boulder, USA: Summer School in Remote Sensing for Wind Energy, 2012.
[49] Leaosphere, "WindCube V2 User Manual," NRG System, vol. 05.
[50] R. Barthelmie and S. Pryor, "An Integrated Approach to Offshore Wind Energy Assessment: Great Lakes 3D Wind Experiment," Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, United States, 2017.
[51] A. Peña, "Sensing the Wind Profile," Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark, 2008.
[52] W. C. Skamarock et al., A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division. Boulder, Colorado, USA: National Center for Atmospheric Research, 2008, pp. 7-25.
[53] W. Wang, C. Bruyère, M. Duda, J. Dudhia, D. Gill, and H.-c. Lin, "ARW Version 3 Modelling System User’s Guide," National Center for Atmospheric Research, 2009.
[54] S.-Y. Hong, J. Dudhia, and S.-H. Chen, "A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation," Monthly Weather Review, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 103-120, 2004.
[55] 汪鳳如、陳建河, "WSM5雲物理方案於CWB-GFS的評估測試," 天氣分析與預報研討會, vol. 108, 2018.
[56] T. Wilson, & R. Fovell., "Improvements in Modeling Persistent Fog," 16th Conference on Mountain Meteorology, pp. 18-22, 2014.
[57] C. Wang and S. Jin, "Error Features and Their Possible Causes in Simulated Low‐level Winds by WRF at a Wind Farm," Wind Energy, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1315-1325, 2014.
[58] L. F. Richardson, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[59] 政府資料開放平台, "內政部20公尺網格數值地形模型資料," 2019.
[60] Y. Toparlar et al., "CFD Simulation and Validation of Urban Microclimate: A Case Study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam," Building and Environment, vol. 83, pp. 79-90, 2015.
[61] Enercon. (2016, Jun. 12). Enercon E-70 Overview of Technical Details [Online]. Available: https://www.enercon.de/en/products/ep-2/e-70/.