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研究生: 劉怡萱
Liu, Yi-Xuan
論文名稱: CFD耦合WRF模擬複雜地形風場
CFD-WRF-coupling Modeling of Wind Energy for a Highly Complex Terrain
指導教授: 苗君易
Miau, Jiun-Jih
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 航空太空工程學系
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
論文出版年: 2020
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 116
中文關鍵詞: 光學雷達剖風儀天氣預報模式(WRF)大氣邊界層計算流體動力學(CFD)
外文關鍵詞: Onshore wind LiDAR, The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), Atmospheric boundary layer, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
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  • 全球對於風能的利用愈趨重視,而使用CFD模擬的方式將可提高預測何種地形將可產出最大風能之準確性,並同時進而優化風力發電系統。職是之故,本文主要目標在於針對複雜地形建立精確模型進行模擬,用以了解風場特性,並應用於風機選址。WRF單獨使用時雖可模擬出具有最大風能潛力之較佳位置,惟對於複雜地形的地貌的解析能力不足,故本研究將WRF模擬風資料結果輸入至CFD模型的入口條件中,使用了貼近真實的風場資料,同時亦保留複雜地形的精度。使用ZephlR ZX 300光學雷達剖風儀所量測到的真實風場資訊,WRF則模擬同一時間與位置的風場,並將其模擬結果與實地量測資料做比對。
    在CFD模擬中採用的是RANS模擬與WRF邊界條件輸入,藉此模擬出接近真實情況的大氣模型,配合風速剖面圖與紊流動能,進而挑選出目標區域內風力潛能最大的位置。此評估方法之優勢在於:光學雷達量測的可動性更高,省去了建立測風塔的開銷,且能驗證模擬的準確度。

    There is increasingly more global attention being paid to the use of wind energy. CFD simulations have the potential to improve wind energy prediction on complex terrain and thus make it possible to optimize wind power systems. The main purpose of this study is to establish an accurate model for a simulation of flow over a complex terrain in order to understand the characteristics of the wind field, as well as to select a location to build a wind turbine. Although the WRF model can be used to simulate a location of the greatest potential wind energy, it cannot retain the detailed features of complex terrain while lowering the consumption of computing resources. Therefore, in this work, wind data results simulated with WRF were taken as the boundary conditions of a CFD model. Using the real wind field data measured by the ZephlR ZX 300 onshore wind LiDAR provided a reference with the complex terrain under consideration in this study. In addition, we compared the results simulated with WRF with the field measurement data obtained at the same time and place.
    In the CFD simulation, RANS simulation results and WRF boundary conditions were integrated into an atmospheric model, so the simulation results would be close to the actual situation. Using the results of and turbulence kinetic energy made it possible to select the best wind potential area in the target location. The advantages of this evaluation method include: flexible optical radar measurement, timesaving compared to building a wind measurement tower, and accurate simulation results.

    摘要 II 誌謝 X 目錄 XI 表目錄 XVI 圖目錄 XVIII 符號索引 XXVI 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 研究動機 3 1.3 文獻回顧 5 第二章 數值模擬理論 11 2.1 大氣邊界層 11 2.1.1 紊流的特性 12 2.1.2 風速分布曲線 13 2.1.2.1 指數律 13 2.1.2.2 對數律 14 2.2 數值方法 17 2.2.1 雷諾平均納維-斯托克斯方程式 18 2.3 紊流模型 19 2.3.1 k-e 紊流模型 21 2.3.2 SST k-w 紊流模型 22 2.4 FLUENT模擬 25 2.4.1 迎風差分法Upwind Differencing Scheme 26 2.4.2 邊界條件Boundary Condition 26 2.4.2.1 入口速度Velocity Inlet 27 2.4.2.2 出口壓力Pressure Outlet 27 2.4.2.3 壁面邊界條件Wall Boundary Condition 27 2.4.2.4 對稱邊界條件Symmetry Boundary Condition 27 2.4.3 設定檔Profile 28 2.5 網格 29 2.5.1 網格的類型 29 2.5.2 網格品質 31 2.5.2.1 歪斜率Skewness 31 2.5.2.2 平滑度Smoothness 32 2.5.2.3 展弦比Aspect Ratio 33 2.5.3 第一層網格高度First Cell Height 33 2.5.4 收斂性Convergence 35 2.5.4.1 CFL Number 35 2.5.5 網格獨立性Mesh Independence 36 第三章 研究方法 37 3.1 研究區域 38 3.1.1 光達量測 39 3.1.2 光達量測原理 40 3.1.3 光達量測選址 44 3.1.4 光達量測結果 45 3.1.5 光達量測結果比對 47 3.2 天氣預報模式Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Model 49 3.2.1 WRF Pre-Processing System (WPS) 50 3.2.2 Weather Research and Forecasting 52 3.2.3 WRF模擬區域 53 3.2.4 WRF模擬時段 55 3.2.5 WRF預報結果 56 3.3 CFD數值模擬 60 3.3.1 地形模型建立 61 3.3.1.1 模型修整 63 3.3.1.2 模型區域大小 65 3.3.2 網格設置 67 3.3.2.1 網格驗證 68 3.3.3 紊流模型選擇 71 第四章 結果與討論 73 4.1 CFD模擬結果-穩態 73 4.1.1 入口邊界條件 73 4.1.2 案例一 2019/03/23 05:00 75 4.1.3 案例二 2019/03/23 12:00 79 4.1.4 案例三 2019/03/21 12:00 83 4.1.5 案例四 2019/03/24 09:00 86 4.1.6 光達摩擦速度討論 90 4.2 CFD模擬結果-暫態 91 4.2.1 量測資料與模擬比對 92 4.2.2 複雜地形之渦流結構 94 4.3 風能利用 100 4.3.1 風機介紹 100 4.3.2 風剖面圖分析 101 第五章 結論與未來建議 110 5.1 結論 110 5.2 未來建議 111 參考文獻 112

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