本研究利用河川流量歷線分析模式，來進行地下水補注量之推估，其中分別為：案例一，採用四種模式，分別為消退曲線位移法、持續補注法、基流資料估計法、以及數位濾波法，並藉由收集河川日流量資料，應用於濁水溪流域地下水補注量之推估；案例二，為嘗試估計台灣地區之地下水補注量值，利用將研究區域以網格劃分的方式，配合經由基流資料估計法與穩定基流分析後所得之穩定基流指數，以及收集降雨量與蒸發散量資料，再將各所需參數代入本研究所建立之水平衡模式，即可求得各項水文參數於空間上之分佈，利用此模式則可達到快速估計大範圍區域地下水補注量之目的。

本研究在濁水溪流域地下水補注量推估案例研究中，採用四種模式進行分析，其中消退曲線位移法適合應用於較明顯的補注事件之地下水補注量推估，然其在河川流量尖峰時間點瞬間給予的作法，有時會在河川流量尖峰時間點產生基流量大於河川流量的不合理現象；而持續補注法則是為改進消退曲線位移法，引進持續補注參數，用以避免基流量大於河川流量的不合理現象，並且當連續但卻較不明顯的補注事件發生時，提供可分析持續補注行為之過程；基流資料估計法因採用線性連接的方式來連結補注事件的起點和終點，而數位濾波法則是為滿足消退理論，因此此二模式較無法分析獲得補注事件期間地下水補注量的增額，所得之基流指數也因而較低，然此二模式可提供快速且便利的分析過程，因此適合運用於大範圍研究區域的地下水補注量推估。

本研究在台灣地下水補注量推估案例的研究成果獲得：長年平均穩定基流指數分佈趨勢為，台灣中央山脈區約40%~60%，山麓區介於20%~40%之間，沿海平原區則為10%~20%，最低值10%以下則發生於嘉南平原上，整體平均穩定基流指數約為34.5%；長年平均逕流量分佈趨勢為，台灣西半部平原地區介於0~1000 mm之間，台灣東北角之長年平均總逕流量則是大約為3000 mm，台灣整體長期平均逕流率為55.5%；長年平均穩定地下水補注量之空間分佈趨勢為，最高值(大於1000 mm)的區域發生在台灣東北角以及中央山脈偏東岸地區，高山區約有800~2000 mm/yr，山麓區則為200~600 mm/yr，平原低地區則為低於200 mm/yr，特別值得注意的是台灣西部沿海區域，其長年平均穩定地下水補注量甚少或為零，而這個區域也是台灣地層下陷最為嚴重的區域。由本研究建立的水平衡模式推估求得台灣的地下水補注量大約為180億噸/年，與年平均降雨量比較可獲得0.21的地下水補注率值。

本研究所建立之水平衡模式的優點在於，僅需要收集三種水文觀測值－河川流量、降雨量、蒸發散量，並將研究區域以網格劃分所求得的空間分佈特性，適用於快速估計大範圍區域的地下水補注量。

此外，本研究對於191個流量測站進行穩定基流分析之過程發現，隨著所分析測站之地理位置不同而異，其流域之地下水系統排放至河道內的基流量匯集至接近河流終點的流量測站，將會表現出相當穩定的行為，且其低流期表現不明顯；對靠近河川發源地的集水區而言，基流量反應出之行為較不穩定，低流期則表現較為明顯。若能針對此點發現進一步作分析探討，從而歸納出相關經驗法則，或能除去人為判斷穩定基流期之主觀因素，並獲得可信度更高的推估結果。

The purpose of this research is to estimate groundwater recharge by using streamflow hydrograph models. There are two case studies in this research. Case Study 1: Four methods include, Recession-Curve -Displacement Method (RCDM), Constant Recharge Method (CRM), Base-Flow-Record Estimation (BFRE), and Mathematical Digital Filtering Method (MDFM), are adopted to estimate groundwater recharge in Cho-Shui Shi Basin. Case Study 2: Water Balance Model (WBM) in this research is coupled with Base-Flow-Record Estimation and Stable-Base-Flow Analysis (SBFA) to estimate groundwater recharge in Taiwan. In this research, mapping is achieved by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geostatistics.

In the case study of Cho-shui Shi Basin, RCDM is constructed to calculate groundwater recharge when evident events occur. However, the inconsequent result that base flow is grater than streamflow is caused by the instantaneous injection given sometimes. CRM is developed to eliminate the inconsequent result in RCDM. Besides, CRM also provides analyzable procedure when continuous recharge events occur. Two baseflow separation methods, BFRE and MDFM, provide a more convenient and faster analytic procedure compared with RCDM and CRM. Although the increment of groundwater recharge is hard to be obtained by BFRE or MDFM in the periods when recharge events occur, it is suggested to adopt BFRE and MDFM in the applications of large scale study area.

The results obtained from the case study of Taiwan are as followed. The spatial distribution of the long-term mean SBFI is: mountain areas express a rate of 40~60%, the areas of hills and terraces express a rate of 20~40%, and the areas of alluvial plains receive an SBFI between 10~20%, the avearage SBFI obtained by stable-base-flow analysis is about 34.5%; The spatial distribution of long-term mean annual runoff is about 0-1000 mm in the western area, and above 3000 mm in the northeastern corner. The long-term mean runoff ratio for Taiwan is about 55.5%; The spatial distribution of the naturally occurring long-term mean annual groundwater recharge is: The highest rates occur in the northeastern part and the central-eastern part of Taiwan, mountain areas express a rate of 800-2000 mm/year annually, the areas of hills and terraces express a rate of 200-600 mm/year annually, and the areas of alluvial plains receive an annual groundwater recharge below 200 mm. Note that the mean annual groundwater recharge is approach 0 mm in the western edge of Taiwan, which is the most serious land subsidence area in Taiwan; The total groundwater recharge of Taiwan is about 18 billion tons per year, and the groundwater recharge rate is about 0.21.

The advantages of water balance model estimated in this study are the rapid analytic processes and the low data requirement. At present, stable-base-flow analysis developed in this study still contains subjectivity when determines the stable-base-flow period. But with the analyzed results of 191 streamflow gauging stations by stable-base-flow analysis, it is shown that the low-flow period differs by the position of the gauging station. The low-flow period can be neglected in the downstream area, while the low-flow period presents obviously in the upstream area. This discovery could be the direction to eliminate the uncertainty caused by subjectivity in the further research.

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