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研究生： 鄧伊莉
Dunk, Abigail Elizabeth
論文名稱： Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Analysis of Conventional and Organic Cotton
Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Analysis of Conventional and Organic Cotton
指導教授： 林素貞
Lin, Sue-Jane
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 環境工程學系
Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年： 2014
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 101
中文關鍵詞： 棉 、有機棉 、對環境的影響 、可持續農業 、轉型為有機農業
外文關鍵詞： cotton, organic cotton, environmental impact, sustainable farming, transition to organic farming
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    • 摘要
    整個棉花產業仍然面臨各種可持續發展挑戰。棉花仍然是農藥，殺蟲劑，石油類肥料和水的最大用戶之一。此外，目前的定價結構並沒有解決許多世界各地的農村社區的種植棉花的棉花生產從而創造，在許多情況下，貧困的實際成本。轉基因棉花已被廣泛採用在許多棉花生產區和被一些人認為是答案增加環境效益（減少農藥），但尚未提供長期的，可持續的效益。最近，現已研究和信息表明這兩個雜草和害蟲產生抗藥性的技術。有機生產系統提供了一個全面的方法來保護和保存，同時保護生物多樣性資源，增加土壤的健康，並提供更大的糧食安全。
    在這項研究中，美國（美國）常規棉和得克薩斯州的南部平原認證的有機棉的可持續性，美國進行了分析。利用生命週期評估（LCA）的成本和德州有機棉回報的經濟分析，也提出了常規和有機棉種植對環境的影響進行了分析。在一般情況下，LCA表明，對於常規棉花的栽培環境的影響比有機棉高，但對土地使用和水的使用比較相似。傳統的棉花種植對環境的影響是淡水水生和陸地生態毒性以及富營養化和酸化由於使用農藥，合成複合氮肥，磷肥，氯化鉀，灌溉和運輸為主。這兩種方法的成本和收益分析表明總的指定費用養殖相對於傳統的有機同行以上更高的平均回報。 。它可是突出，即總勞動成本出現總直接支出的下有機和常規做法的其它成分中佔主導地位是非常重要的。 從雙方提交的案例研究和文學評論，有機棉花生產提供了一系列的潛在優勢，棉農，包括健康的土壤，收入來源多元化，價格較高。

    The overall cotton industry continues to face a variety of sustainability challenges. Cotton remains one of the largest users of pesticides, insecticides, petroleum based fertilizers and water. In addition, the current pricing structure does not address the real costs of cotton production thereby creating, in many instances, poverty in many of the rural communities around the world which grow cotton. Genetically-modified cotton has been widely adopted in many cotton production areas and is thought by some to be the answer to increased environmental benefits (reduction of pesticides), but it has yet to deliver long term, sustainable benefits. Recent studies and information now available are indicating that both weeds and pests are becoming resistant to the technology. Organic production systems provide a holistic approach to the conservation and preservation of resources while protecting bio-diversity, increasing soil health, and offering greater food security.
    In this study, the sustainability of conventional cotton in the United States (U.S.) and certified organic cotton in the southern plains of Texas, U.S. are analyzed. The environmental impact of conventional and organic cotton cultivation was analyzed using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and an economic analysis of the costs and returns of Texas organic cotton is also presented. In general, the LCA shows that the environmental impact for the cultivation of conventional cotton is higher than organic cotton, yet relatively similar for land use and water use. The environmental impact of conventional cotton cultivation is dominated by freshwater aquatic and terrestrial eco-toxicity as well as eutrophication and acidification due to the use of pesticides, synthetically compounded nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium chloride, irrigation, and transportation. Analysis of costs and returns of both methods shows higher average returns above total specified expenses in organic farming relative to the conventional counterparts. . It is important to highlight however, that the total labor costs appear to dominate among the other components of total direct expenses under both organic and conventional practices.
    From both the case study presented and literature reviews, organic cotton production offers a range of potential advantages to cotton farmers, including, healthier soils, a diverse source of income, and higher prices.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................I ABSTRACT..................................................II CHINESE ABSTRACT..........................................IV TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................V LIST OF TABLES...........................................VII LIST OF FIGURES.........................................VIII CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION..................................10 1.1 Preface...............................................10 1.2 Cotton Production, Consumption and Distribution.......11 1.3 Current Issues Related to Cotton......................13 1.4 Objective.............................................17 CHAPTER TWO OVERVIEW OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY...............18 2.1 The Story of Cotton...................................18 2.2 Organic Cotton........................................20 2.3 Differences between Organic and Conventional Cotton...21 2.4 Current Global Demand and Supply of Organic Cotton....24 2.5 Companies that Fund Organic Cotton....................25 2.6 Case Studies..........................................26 CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY...........31 3.1 Literature Review.....................................31 3.2 LCA Methodology.......................................33 3.3 CML2 Baseline 2000 Method.............................35 3.4 Eco-Indicator 95 Method...............................39 3.5 Eco-indicator 99 Method...............................43 3.6 Limitations to LCA....................................52 3.7 Data Consolidation....................................54 CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH RESULTS AND ANALYSIS................58 4.1 Goal and Scope Definitions............................58 4.2 Inventory Analysis....................................59 4.3 Impact Assessment.....................................61 4.4 Interpretation........................................66 4.5 Economic Analysis.....................................69 4.6 Challenges of growing Organic Cotton..................82 4.7 Incentives for Conversion.............................86 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS...................88 REFERENCES................................................91 APPENDICES................................................95

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