本研究探討馬斯洛需求理論、工作滿意度、工作壓力、少子化與外在環境因素，是否與從事代課工作的相關性。本研究以兼任老師，與曾經從事代課工作的正式教師為對象，採用問卷方式進行實證，主要針對台南區大型國小，再加上電
子問卷，共185份有效問卷。使用線性機率模型（linear probability model, LPM），並以E-view 統計分析。
本研究實證發現：
1.自尊需求，少子化因素對從事代課工作有顯著的正向影響。
2.婚姻、年收入與工作壓力對從事代課工作有顯著的負向影響。
3.安全需求、社交需求、自我實現需求和經濟景氣因素對從事代課工作沒
有顯著影響。
4.能和學生相處而感到快樂，呈正向顯著。

針對以上結論，本研究提出相關建議如下：
1.降低班級人數，提高師生人數比
2.明訂兼任教師處理措施
3.簡化評鑑制度，給予教師行政上的支持
4.提升專業知能，積極參與研習

The Decisive factors of the substitute teachers in elementary schools becoming official teachers with declining birthrate

Student’s Name： Cheng Kuang Yu
Advisor’s Name ：Hsin-Hong Kang
National Cheng Kung University
Department of Business Administration
SUMMARY

This study aims to examine the effects of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, job satisfaction, job stress, declining birthrate and the external environmental factors on engaging in substitute teachers.The samples for this study were substitute teachers and official teachers who used to be substitute ones in Taiwan.The internet-based and paper questionnaires were used for data collection and focused on elementary schools in Tainan.185 valid questionnaires were collected.The data of this study was analyzed by E-VIEW.

This empirical study found that：
1.Esteem needs and declining birthrate had significant
positive impacts on engaging in substitute
teachers.
2.Marriage, annual income of individual and job stress had
significant negative impacts on engaging in substitute
teachers.
3.Safety needs, Love and belonging needs and economic
growth rate had insignificant impacts on engaging in
substitute teachers.
4.Be happy to get along with students had significant
positive impacts on engaging in substitute teachers.

The main conclusions of this study are as follows：
1.Reducing class sizes and increasing the ratio of teschers
to students.
2.Making policy on substitute teachers.
3.Simplifying evaluation system and supporting teachers
with administrative system.
4.Enhancing professional knowledge and participating in
continuing education.

Key words：declining birthrate ,substitute teachers, Maslow’s hierarchy of need

INTRODUCTION

In next 20 years, the decrease will be the largest for the population of 18-year-old entrance into the university. According to the statistics of National Development Council, Taiwan will have zero population growth in 2019. Due to the declining of birth rate , the elementary schools are facing number shortage of recruit. At present, the elementary schools are the first to be affected, then extending up to higher education slowly. It will result in a large of surplus teachers and substitute teachers.
Expect to apply the theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Its findings can contribute to the academia in order to achieve effectively strengthen the motivation system of the educational environment. Discussion on substitute teachers who obtain teacher’s certificate to ensure no fear of life（meet basic physiological and survival needs）. Search the decisive factors of the substitute teachers becoming official teachers.
The theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consist of five needs. In this study, it will aim at Safety needs, Love and belonging needs, Esteem needs, and Self
-actualization. Add other probable affecting factors, such as job satisfaction, job stress, declining birthrate and economic growth rate.
The study not only is aimed to discuss the documents in this field but also refers to questionnaire as an approach of research. Adopt E-view to analyze the information after retrieving the survey statistics, compile the numbers of every objective in accordance to the questions asked, and make a full explanation to the result.
This study illustrated if substitute teachers had higher income and job stress,they didn’t want to engage in the job. The substitute teachers felt happy when getting along with students.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and other probable affecting factors,this study made the following hypothesis：

H1：The respondents having better family environment are
willing to engage in substitute teachers.
H2：The respondents having Love and belonging needs are
willing to engage in substitute teachers.
H3：The respondents having Esteem needs are willing to
engage in substitute teachers.
H4： The respondents having Self-actualization. are willing
to engage in substitute teachers.
H5： Job stress can affect if substitute teachers continue
to be official teachers.
H6： The declining birthrate can affect if substitute
teachers continue to be official teachers.
H7： Economic factors can affect if substitute teachers
continue to be official teachers.
H8： Average annual income of individual can affect if
substitute teachers continue to official teachers.
H9： The highest degree can affect if substitute teachers
continue to official teachers.

This study attempted to identify critical factors in becoming official teachers. The final version of the questionnaire was formed by the literature. The five elementary schools were selected. Survey data were analyzed using E-view and LPM（Linear probability model）.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research framework is examined using E-view and LPM. Finally the research hypotheses are tested using correlation coefficient.
The research showed marriage had significant negative impacts on engaging in substitute teachers. If substitute teachers had more and more school activities and plans, they didn’t want to engage in the job.

CONCLUSION

The problem of substitute teachers is more and more serious. These teachers are basically qualified and well-trained personnel. If they can not find a stable job, perhaps not only students can not get maturity education, but also Taiwan will lose competitiveness.With the findings as above , this study suggested some for references of education administrative authority, substitute teachers of elementary schools and future studies in relevance.
Firstly, most of the respondents of the study were in south Taiwan. Hence, in order to obtain more complete information, future research sample respondents should
include teachers in north Taiwan and other regions.
Secondly, a combined two- sided viewpoint from questionnaires and interviews could potentially provide more comprehensive insights into the study.
Finally, future research could further investigate the effect of teachers’ personality traits , organization climate and leadership style and behavior in elementary school principals .

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