有效的知識分享之重要關鍵在於組織如何激勵員工，讓員工有足夠的意願，將本身的知識分享給其他同事。過去的實證研究顯示，組織成員對知識分享意願的重要因素是在於人與文化上，而資訊通訊科技運用及知識分享能力，亦是員工間的溝通及合作的基礎。因此，本研究以慎思行動理論（theory of reasoned action, TRA），從員工知識分享的動機、文化差異及資訊通訊科技運用等三方面，來探討及比較台灣與韓國員工知識分享的行爲。研究分析採用迴歸模式，最後分析結果顯示，在台灣與韓國的企業：（1）期望關係與樂於助人對知識分享態度有正向影響。（2）知識分享態度對知識分享意圖有正向影響。（3）文化差異對於知識分享意圖有正向直接影響，然而在知識分享態度和意圖間的關係沒有顯著干擾效果。在台灣，集體主義與長期導向對知識分享意圖有正向直接影響；而在韓國，權力距離與長期導向對知識分享意圖有正向直接影響。（4）資訊通訊科技運用的程度對於知識分享態度和意圖間的關係沒有顯著的干擾效果，可能是受到知識特性的影響，因為當個人所擁有的為內隱知識時，難以透過資訊通訊科技與他人分享；雖然資訊通訊科技能提供知識獲取的管道，但取得並不代表使用或應用知識，簡單來說，知識分享牽涉到人類社會的互動，而不只是資訊通訊科技的使用。

In order for employees to be sufficiently encouraged to share and impart knowledge to co-workers in a willing manner, organizational motivation plays a most critical role in effective knowledge sharing. Empirical findings in the past had shown that the intention and rationale in sharing knowledge are essentially due to personal traits and culture. Furthermore, both the use of information communication technology and knowledge sharing capability form the basis of communication and collaboration among organizational employees. Therefore, this research delved into three main areas, namely employees motivation in knowledge sharing, cultural difference and the use of information communication technology, to investigate and compare the knowledge sharing behavior of employees in Taiwan and Southern Korea based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA). In adopting regression models in the subsequent research, the final analytical results had shown that in the organizations of Taiwan and Southern Korea: (1) Expected associations and the enjoyment of helping others have a positive effect on knowledge sharing attitude. (2) Knowledge sharing attitude has a positive effect on knowledge sharing intention. (3) Cultural difference has positive and direct effects on knowledge sharing intention, but does not have significant moderating effects on the interrelationship between knowledge sharing attitude and intention. Collectivist norms and long-term orientation have positive and direct effects on knowledge sharing intention in Taiwan, whereas in Southern Korea, power distance and long-term orientation have positive and direct effects on knowledge sharing intention. (4) information communication technology does not have significant moderating effects on the interrelationship between knowledge sharing attitude and intention, since unique knowledge characteristics can considerably impede the sharing and transfer of tacit knowledge with one another via information communication technology. Likewise, although information communication technology can serve as a channel for the acquisition of knowledge, access itself does not correlate or result in the actual use and implementation of the knowledge gained. That is, knowledge sharing requires social and human interaction which cannot be facilitated by information communication technology alone.

Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz, L. (Eds). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267–299. NY: Academic Press.
Aiken, L.S. & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage Publications, CL.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds), Action control: From cognition to behavior, 11-39. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Constucting a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. [Online]: http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~aizen/tpb.html
Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
Akkermans, H.A. & Horst, H. (2002). Managing IT infrastructure standardization in the networked manufacturing firm. International Journal of Production Economics, 75(1/2), 199-211.
Alavi, M. & Leidner, D.E. (1999). Knowledge management systems: Issues, challenge, and benefit. Communication of the Association for Information Systems, 1(7), 1-37.
Alavi, M. & Leidner, D.E. (2001). Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136.
Alderfer, C.P. (1967). Convergent and discriminant validation of satisfaction and desire measures by interviews and questionnaires. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(6), 509–20.
Amabile, T.M., Hill, K.G., Hennessey, B.A. & Tighe, E.M. (1994). The work preference inventory：Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 950-967.
Applegate, L.M., McFarlan, F.W. & McKenney, J.L. (1999). Corporate Information Systems Management: Text and Cases. MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Armbrecht, F.M., Chapas, R.B., Chappelow, C.C. & Farris, G.F. (2001). Knowledge management in research and development. Research Technology Management, 44(2), 28-48.
Austin, H. (1988). Assessing the performance of information technology. Computers in Healthcare, 9(11), 56-58.
Avan, R.J. & Hemant C.S. (2002). Cultures that support product-innovation process. Academy of Management Executive, 16(3), 42-54.
Avlonitis, G.J. & Karayanni, A.J. (2000). The impact of internet use on B to B marketing. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 441-459.
Ba, S., Stallaert, J. & Whinston, A.B. (2001). Research commentary: Introducing a third dimension in information systems design: The case for incentive alignment. Information Systems Research, 12(3), 225-239.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bartol, K.M. & Locke, E.A. (2000). Incentives and motivation. In S. Rynes, & B. Gerhart (Eds), Compensation in organizations: progress and prospects, 104–147, San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press.
Bartol, K.M. & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership and Organizations Studies, 9(1), 64-76.
Beijerse, R.P. (2000). Knowledge management in small and medium-sized companies: Knowledge management for entrepreneurs. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(2), 162-179.
Blanton, K.K. & Barbuto, J.E. (2005). Cultural constraints in the workplace: An experiential exercise utilizing Hofstede's dimensions. Journal of Management Education, 29(4), 654-666.
Blau, P.M. (1967). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Blodgett, J.G., Lu, L.C., Rose, G.M. & Vitell, S.J. (2001). Ethical sensitivity to stakeholder interests: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29 (2), 190-202.
Bock, G.W. & Kim Y.G. (2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: An exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal, 14, 14-21.
Bock, G.W., Zmud, R.W., Kim, Y.G. & Lee, J.N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29, 87-112.
Boisot, M.H. (1998). Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy. NY: Oxford University Press.
Brief, A.P. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725.
Burn, J.M. & Ash, C.G. (2005). A dynamic model of e-business strategies for ERP enabled organisations. Journal of Industrial Management and Data Systems, 105(8), 1084-1095.
Cabrera, A. & Cabrera, E. (2002). Knowledge-sharing dilemmas. Organization Studies, 23(5), 687-710.
Cabrera, E.F & Cabrera, A. (2005). Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 720-735.
Chang, M.K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: A comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 1825-1934.
Chen, C. (2004). The effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics and absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance. R&D Management, 34(3), 311-321.
Chua, A. (2003). Taxonomy of organizational knowledge. Singapore Management Review, 24(2), 69-76.
Churchill, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Clark T. (1990). International marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 66–79.
Constant, D., Kiesler, S. & Sproull, L. (1994). What a mine is ours, or is it? A study of attidudes about information sharing. Information Systems Reserch. 5(4), 400-421.
Coronado, A.E. (2003). A framework to enhance manufacturing agility using information systems in SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 104(3/4), 310-323.
Cragg, P., King, M. & Hussin, H. (2002). IT alignment and firm performance in small manufacturing firms. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(2), 109-132.
Craighead, C.W. & Laforge, R.L. (2003). Taxonomy of information technology adoption patterns in manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Research, 41(11), 2431-2449.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. Jossey-Bass, Sna Francisco, CA.
Culnan, M.J. & Armstrong, P.K. (1999). Information privacy concerns, procedural fairness, and impersonal trust: An empirical investigation. Organizational Science, 10, 104-115.
Daniels, S. (1992). Crossing Cultures: Essays in the Displacement of Western Civilization. Tucson, London: University of Arizona Press.
Daveport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (2000). Know what you know. [Online]: http://www.brint.com/km/davenport/cio/know.htm.
Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, R.P. & Warshaw, P.R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
DeLong, D.W. & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113–127.
Dixon, N.M. (2000). Common Knowledge: How Ccompanies Thrive by Sharing What They Know. MA : Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Dougherty, V. (1999). Industrial and commercial trainning. Industrial and Commercial Training, 31(7), 262-266.
Duarte, D.L. & Snyder, N.T. (2001). Mastering Virtual Teams. CA: Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Ellinger, A.D. & Bostrum, R.P. (1999). Managerial coaching behaviours in learning organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A.D. & Bostrum, R.P. (2002). An examination of managers’ beliefs about their roles as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147-179.
Eriksson, I.V. & Dickson, G.W. (2000). Knowledge sharing in high technology companies. Proceedings of 2000 Americas Conference on Information Systems, August, Long Beach, California.
Ewing, J. & Keenan, F. (2001). Sharing the wealth. Business Week, 19, 36.-40.
Fehr, E. & Gachter, S. (2000). Fairness and retaliation. The economics of reciprocity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, 159-181.
Ford, D.P., Connelly, C.E. & Meister, D.B. (2003). Information systems research and Hofstede's culture's consequences: An uneasy and incomplete partnership. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 50(1), 8-25.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fortin, D.R. (2000). Clipping coupons in cyberspace: A proposed model of behavior for deal-prone consumers. Psychology and Marketing, 17, 515-534.
Galletta, D.F., Marks, P.V., Polak, P. & McCoy, S. (2003). What leads us to share valuable knowledge? An experiment study of the effects of managerial control, group indentification, and social value orientation on knowledge-sharing behavior. Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 4(4), 118.2.
Goh, S.C. (2002). Managing effective knowledge transfer: An integrative framework and some practice implications. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), 23-30.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Gunasekaran, A. & Ngai, E.W.T. (2004). Information systems in supply chain integration and management. European Journal of Operational Research, 159(2), 269-295.
Hall, H. (2001). Input-friendliness: Motivating knowledge sharing across intranet. Journal of Information Science, 27(3), 139-146.
Hargadon, A.B. (1998). Firms as knowledge brokers: lessons in pursuing continuous innovation. California Management Review, 40(3), 209-227.
Harris, D.B. (1996). Creating a knowledge centric information technology environment. [Online] : http://www.dbharris.com/ckc.htm
Hartwick, J. & Barki, H. (1994). Explaining the role of user participation in information systems use. Management Science. 40(4), 440-465.
Haruvy, E., Prasad, A. & Sethi, S.P. (2003). Harvesting altruism in open-source software development. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 118(2), 381–416.
Hedelin, L. & Allwood, C.M. (2002). IT and strategic decision making. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102(3), 125-396.
Helo, P. & Szekely, B. (2005). Logistics information systems: An analysis of software solutions for supply chain co-ordination. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105(1), 5-18.
Henderson, J.C & Venkatraman, N. (1999). Strategic alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM Systems Journal, 38(2/3), 472-484.
Hendriks, P. (1999). Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91-100.
Herbert, T.T. (1976). Dimension of Organizational Behavior. NY：Collier Macmillian.
Herzberg, F. (1968). Work and the Nature of Man. London: Granada Publishing.
Hindriks, J. & Pancs, R. (2002). Free riding on altruism and group size. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 4, 335–346.
Hinds, P.J & Weisband, S.P. (2003). Knowledge sharing and shared understanding in virtual teams. In Gibson, C.B & Cohen, S.G. (Eds), Virtual Teams That Work: Creating Conditions for Virtual Team Effectiveness, 21-36, CA: Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Hislop, D. (2003). Link human resource and knowledge management via comitment: A review and research agenda. Employee Relations, 25(2), 182-202.
Hoecklin, L. (1995). Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. MA: Addison-Wesley Publishers, Reading.
Hoffman, M.L. (1975). Altruistic behavior and the parent-child relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(5), 937-943.
Hofstede, G.H. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G.H. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. CA: Thousand Oaks.
House, R.J., Hanges, P.J. & Ruiz-Quantanilla, S.A. (1997). GLOBE: The global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness research program. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 28, 215-254.
Huber, G.P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
Huber, G.P. (2001). Transfer of knowledge in knowledge management systems: Unexplored issues and suggested studies. European Journal of Information Systems, 10, 72-79.
Huysman, M. & Wulf, V. (2006). IT to support knowledge sharing in communities: toward a social capital analysis. Journal of Information Technology, 21(1), 40-51.
Jarvenpaa, S.L. & Staples, D.S. (2001). Exploring Perceptions of Organizational Ownership of Information and Expertise. Journal of Management Information System, 18(1), 151-183.
Joanne, R. (2002). From know-how to show how? Questioning the role of information and communication technologies in knowledge transfer. Technology analysis & Strategic Management, 12(4), 429-433.
Johnny, C.F.S. & Bolloju, N. (2005). Explaining the intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of IT service operations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(6), 30-41.
Joshi, K.D., Sarker, S. & Sarker, S. (2007). System development teams: Examining the role of knowledge source attributes. Decision Support Systems, 43(2), 322-335.
Kalakota, J. & Robinson R. (2000). E-Business: Roadmap for Success. Addison- Wesley, Reading, MA.
Kankanhalli, A., Tan, B.C.Y. & Wei, K.K. (2005). Contributing knowledge to electronic knowledge repositories: An empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 113-143.
Karavdic, M. & Gregory, G. (2005). Integrating e-commerce into existing export marketing theories: A contingency model. Marketing Theory, 5(1), 75-104.
Kehoe, D. & Boughton, N. (2001). Internet based supply chain management: A classification of approaches to manufacturing planning and control. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(4), 516-525.
Kelly, H. & Thibaut, J.W. (1978). Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence. NY: Wiley.
Kim, S.H. & Lee, H.S. (2006). The impact of organizational context and information technology on employee kowledge-sharing capabilities. Public Administration Review, 66 (3), 370–385.
Kim, W.C. & Mauborgne, R.A. (1998). Procedural justice, strategic decision making and the knowledge economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 323-338.
Kim, W.C. & Mauborgne, R. (2003). Fair process: Managing in the knowledge economy. Harvard Business Review, 127-136.
King, W.R. & Ko, D.G. (2001). Evaluating knowledge management and the learning organizations. Communication of the Association for Information Systems, 5(14), 1-26.
Ko, D.G., Kirsch, L.J. & King, W.R. (2005). Antecedents of knowledge transfer from consultants to clients in enterprise system implementations. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 59-85.
Kohn, A. (1993). Why incentive plans cannot work. Harvard Business Review, 71(5), 54-63.
Kolekofski, K.E. & Heminger, A.R. (2003). Beliefs and attitudes affecting intentions to share information in an organizational setting. Information & Management, 40(6), 521-532.
Kopfman, J.E. & Smith, S.W. (1996). Understanding the audiences of a helth communication campaign: A discriminant analysis of potential organ donors based on intent to donate. Journal of Applied Communication, 24, 22-49.
Krogh, G.V., Ichijo, K. & Nonaka, I. (2000). Enabling Knowledge Creation. NY: Oxford University Press.
Lahti, R.K. & Beyerlein, M.M. (2000). Knowledge transfer and management consulting: A look at the Firm. Business Horizon, 1(43), 65-74.
Lawler, E.E. (2000). Rewarding Excellence: Pay Strategies for the New Economy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lee, H. & Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 179-228.
Liao, S.H., Chang, J.C., Cheng, S.C. & Kuo, C.M. (2004). Employee relationship and knowledge sharing: A case study of a Taiwanese finance and securities firm. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2, 24-34.
Lin, H.F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: An empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3), 315-332.
Lin, H.F. & Lee, G.G. (2006). Effects of socio-technical factors on organizational intention to encourage knowledge sharing. Management Decision, 44(1), 74-88.
Loewenstein, G. (1999). Because it is there: The challenge of mountainering...for utility theory. Kyklos, 52, 315-344.
Lu, L.C., Rose, G.M. & Blodgett, J.G. (1999). The effects of cultural dimensions on ethical decision making in marketing: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(1), 91-105.
Majchrzak, A. & Malhotra, A. (2003). Deploying Far-Flung Teams: A Checklist for Managers. Society for information management advanced practice council, IL: Chicago.
Majchrzak, A. & Malhotra, A. (2004). Enabling knowledge creation in far-flung teams: Best practice for IT support and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(4), 75-88.
Majchrzak, A., Rice, R.E., Malhotra, A., King, N. & Ba, S. (2000). Technology adaptation: The case of a computer-supported inter-organizational virtual team. MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 569-600.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., Carman, R. & Lott, V. (2001). Radical innovation without collocation: A case study at Boeing-Rocketdyne. MIS Quarterly, 25(2), 229-249.
Markus, M.L. (2001). Toward a theory of knowledge reuse: Types of knowledge reuse situations and factors in reuse success. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 57-91.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. NY: Harper & Row.
Michailova, S. & Hutchings, K. (2006). National cultural influences on knowledge sharing: A comparison of China and Russia. Journal of Management Studies, 43(3), 383-406.
Milkovich, G.M. & Newman, J.M. (2004). Compensation (8th ed.). Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Morgan, S.E. & Miller, J.K. (2002). Communicating about gifts of life: The effect of knowledge, attitudes, and altruism on behavior and behavioral intentions regarding organ donation. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(2), 163-178.
Mosakowski, E. (1997). Strategy making under causal ambiguity: Conceptual issues and empirical evidence. Organization Science, 8(4), 414-442.
Nakata, C. & Sivakumar, K. (2001). Instituting the marketing concept in a multinational setting: The role of national Culture. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(3), 255-275.
Nasif, E.G., Al-Daeaj, H., Ebrahimi, B. & Thibodeaux, M.S. (1991). Methodological problems in cross cultural research: An updated review. Management International Review, 31(1), 79-91.
Natarajan, G. & Shekhar, S. (2000). Knowledge Management: Enabling Business Growth. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Newman, K.L. & Nollen, S.D. (1996). Culture and congruence: The fit between management practices and nation culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(4), 753-778.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.
Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Nnowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. NY: Oxford University Press.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw: Hill.
Osterloh, M. & Frey, B.S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organizational Science, 11, 538-550.
Owens, R.G. (1991). Organizational Behavior in Education, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Pan, S.L. & Leidner, D.E. (2003). Bridging communities of practice with information technology in pursuit of global knowledge sharing. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 12(1), 71-88.
Park, H.S. & Im, B.C. (2003). A study on the knowledge sharing behavior of local public servants in Korea. http://www.kapa21.or.kr/down/2003
Pavlou, P.A. (2002). What drives electronic commerce? A theory of planned behavior perspective. Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management Conference, Denver, Colorado, 9-14.
Pavlou, P.A. & Chai, L. (2002). What drives electronic commerce across cultures? A cross-cultural empirical investigation of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3(4), 240-253.
Petrash, G. (1996). Dows Journey to a knowledge value management culture. European Management Journal, 14(4), 365-373.
Porter, L.W. & Lawler, E.E. (1968). Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M. & Boulian, P.V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the internet. Harvard Business Review, 79(3), 63-78.
Quinn, J., Anderson, P. & Finkelstein, S. (1996). Managing professional intellect: Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, 13, 71-80.
Raisinghani, M.S. (2000). Knowledge management: A cognitive perspective on business and education. American Business Review, 18(2), 105-112.
Riusala, K. & Suutari, V. (2004). International knowledge transfer through expatriates: A qualitative analysis of international stickiness factors. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46(6), 743-770.
Robbins, S.P. (1993). Organization Behavior: Conceps, Controversies and Applications(6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Roberts, J. (2000). From know-how to show-how? Questioning the role of information and communication technologies in knowledge transfer. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 12(4), 429-443.
Robey, D., Boudreau, M. & Rose, G.M. (2000). Information technology and organizational learing: A review and assessment of research. Accounting Management and Information Technologies, 10(2), 125-155.
Rolland, N. & Chauvel, D. (2000). Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances. In Despres, C. & Chauvel, D. (ed.), Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management. Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann.
Ruiz-Mercader, J., Merono-Cerdan, A.L. & Sabater-Sanchez, R. (2006). Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organizational performance in small businesses. International Journal of Information Management, 26(1), 16-19.
Rus, I. & Lindvall, M. (2002). Knowledge management in software engineering. IEEE Software, 19, 26-38.
Rust, C., Price, M. & O’Donovan, B. (2003). Improving students’ learning by development their understanding of assessment criteria and processes. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(2), 147-164.
Ryu, S., Ho, S.H., & Han, I. (2003). Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals. Expert Systems with Applications, 25, 113-122.
Samieh, H.M. & Wahba, K. (2007). Knowledge sharing behavior from game theory and socio-psychology perspectives. Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 187c-187c.
Schroeder, D., Penner, L., Dovidio, J. & Piliavin, J. (1995). The Psychology of Helping and Altruism. NY: McGraw Hill.
Senge, P. (1997). Sharing knowledge. Executive Excellence, 14(11), 17-18.
Shamir, B. (1990). Calculations, values and identities: The sources of collectivistic work motivation. Human Relations, 43, 313-332.
Sheppard, B.H., Hartwick, J. & Warshaw, P.R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 325-343.
Smith, D.H. (1981). Altruism volunteers, and volunteerism. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(1), 21-36.
Smith, L., Campbell, F., Sbramanian, A., Bird, D. & Nelson, A. (2001). Strategic planning for municipal information systems: Some lessons from a large U.S. city. American Review of Public Administration, 31(2), 139-157.
Sole, D.L. & Applegate, L.M. (2000). Knowledge sharing practices and technology use norms in dispersed development teams. Proceedings of 2lst International Conference on Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia.
Sondergaard, M. (1994). Research note: Hofestede’s consequences: A study of reviews, citations and replications. Organization Studies, 15(3), 447-456.
Stajkovic, A.D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74.
Stenmark, D. (2001). Leveraging tacit organizational knowledge. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(3), 9-24.
Stott, K. & Walker, A. (1995). Team, Teamwork & Teambuilding: The Manager's Complete Guide to Teams in Organisations. NY: Prentice Hall.
Sussman, S.W. & Siegal, W.S. (2003). Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption. Information Systems Research, 14(1), 47-65.
Szulanski, G. & Jensen, R. (2004). Overcoming stickiness: An empirical investigation of the role of the template in the replication of organizational routiness. Managerial Decision Economics, 25(1), 347-363.
Tahir, R., Fedotova, V. & Wu, Y.W. (2006). Cultural influences on knowledge sharing in a French Chinese joint venture: An exploratory study. [Online]: http://www.business.auckland.ac.nz/comwebContent/1/7/22/22635.html
Tampoe, M. (1996). Motivating knowledge workers: The challenge for the 1990s. In P.S.Myers (Ed.), Knowledge Management and Organizational Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 179-190.
Tan, C.L. & Vonderembse, M.A. (2005). Mediating effects of computer-aided design usage: From concurrent engineering to product development performance. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 494-510.
Taylor, S. & Todd, P. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-76.
Taylor, W.A. & Wright, G.H. (2004). Organizational readiness for successful knowledge sharing: Challenges for public sector managers. Information Resources Management Journal, 17(2), 22-37.
Tekleab, A.G., Bartol, K.M. & Liu, W. (2005). Is it pay levels or pay raises that matter to fairness and turnover? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 899–921.
Thompson, R.L., Higgins, C.A. & Howell, J.M. (1991). Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS Quarterly, 15(1), 125-143.
Tissen, R., Anderiessen, D. & Deprez, F.L. (1998). Value-based Knowledge Management. Nederland: Longman.
Tiwana, A. (2000). The Knowledge Management Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building a Knowledge Management System. NJ: Prentice Hall, PTR Upper Saddle River.
Tiwana, A. (2003). The Knowledge Management Toolkit: Orchestrating IT, Strategy, and Knowledge Platforms. NJ: Pearson Education.
Tyler, T.R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice motive: Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 850-863.
Veiga, J.F., Yanouza, J.N. & Buchholtz, A.K. (1995). Emerging cultural values among Russian managers: What will tomorrow bring. Business Horizons, 38(4), 20-27.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B. & Davis, F.D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-78.
Venzin, M., Krogh, G. & Roos, J. (1998). Future research into knowledge management. In Krogh, G., Johan, R. & Kleine, D. (Eds.), Knowing in firms: Understanding, managing and measuring Knowledge, 26-66. London: Sage.
Vink, P. & Eijnatten, F.M. (2002). Participation: The key to intelligent manufacturing improvement. Lecture Notes In Computer Science, 2465, 1-9.
Wagner, J.A. & Moch, M.K. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: Concept and measure. Group and Organization Studies, 11, 280-303.
Walker, L.O. & Avant, K.C. (1995). Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
Wasko, M.M. & Faraj, S. (2000). It is what one does: Why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2-3), 155-173.
Wasko, M.M. & Faraj, S. (2005).Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 35-57.
William, R.K. (2007). A research agenda for the relationships between culture and knowledge management. Knowledge and Process Management, 14(3), 226-236.
Woitsch, R. & Karagiannis, D. (2002). Process-oriented knowledge management systems based on KM-services: The PROMOTE® Approach. Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management: 4th International Conferenc, PAKM Vienna, Austria, 2(3), 398-412.
Yeh, Y.J., Lai, S.Q. & Ho, C.T. (2006). Knowledge management enablers: A case study. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106(6), 793-810.
Yoo, B. & Donthu, N. (2002) The effects of marketing education and individual cultural values on marketing ethics of students. Journal of Marketing Education, 24(2), 92-103.
Yoo, Y., Ginzberg, M.J. & Ahn, J.H. (1999). A cross-cultural investigation of the use of knowledge management systems. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual International Conference on Information Systems, 501–505.
Young, P.T. (1961). Motivation and Emotion. New York: Wiley.
Zack, M.H. (1999). Developing a knowledge strategy. California Management Review, 41(3), 125-145.