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研究生：	米舒曼 Mishra, Anshuman
論文名稱：	用於超級電容器應用之 MXene/CQDs 複合材料的合成與表徵 Synthesis and Characterization of MXene/CQDs Composite Material for Supercapacitor Applications
指導教授：	Saha, Shyamal Kumar Saha, Shyamal Kumar
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	智慧半導體及永續製造學院 - 半導體製程學位學程 Program on Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
論文出版年：	2026
畢業學年度：	115
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	74
外文關鍵詞：	V2CTx MXene, Supercapacitor, N, S-co-doped carbon quantum dot, Specific capacitance, Charge-transfer resistance
相關次數：	點閱：8 下載：0
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In this study, an N, S-co-doped carbon quantum dot/V2CTx MXene hybrid was made and tested as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices. The V2CTx MXene was made from the V2AlC MAX phase using mixed-acid etching. The Nitrogen-sulfur co-doped (N,S-CQDs) carbon quantum dots were made using a chemical method with citric acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine as starting materials. The N, S-CQD/V2CTx composite was then made by heating V2CTx and adding the as-synthesized N, S-CQDs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta-potential analysis were used to characterize the as-synthesized materials. The results of all these characterizations showed that the structural, morphological, and surface-chemical properties of V2CTx have changed clearly after the formation of composite materials. The as-synthesized N, S-CQDs had an average particle size of about 4.8 nm, and EDS and XPS tests showed that the mixture contained nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species. XRD analysis also showed that the main low-angle peak moved from 7.35° for pure V2CTx to 8.95° for the composite, which means that the layered structure has changed. The electrochemical performance of pure V2CTx and the N, S-CQD/V2CTx composite was measured in a three-electrode system with an electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. The combination had a specific capacitance of 324 F/g at 3 mV/s, while the pure V2CTx had a specific capacitance of 214 F/g. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests showed that the mixture had a specific capacitance of 526 F/g at 1 A/g, while pure V2CTx only had 216 F/g in the same situation. This indicates that the specific capacitance increases by about 144% after formation of the composite from the virgin V2CTx. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also showed that the mixture had lower series resistance and charge-transfer resistance. The N, S-CQD/V2CTx composite had much better electrochemical performance than pure V2CTx. This improvement was caused by chemically modifying the surface, adding heteroatoms to the active sites, improving electrode-electrolyte interactions, and reducing charge-transfer resistance. Based on these findings, the N, S-CQD/V2CTx combination appears to be a promising material for supercapacitor electrodes.

Abstract	I
Acknowledgement	III
Table of Content	IV
List of Figures	VII
List of Tables	X
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1 Research Background	1
2 Supercapacitors and Electrode Materials	2
3 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications	3
4 V₂CTₓ MXene and Carbon Quantum Dots	5
4.1 V₂CTₓ MXene	5
4.2 Carbon Quantum Dots	6
5 Research Motivation	7
6 Objectives and Contributions of This Work	8
Chapter 2 Literature Review	9
1 Supercapacitor Charge-Storage Mechanisms	9
1.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitance	9
1.2 Pseudocapacitance	10
1.3 Hybrid Charge Storage	12
2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors	12
2.1 Carbon-Based Materials	13
2.2 Compounds of Transition Metals	13
2.3 Conducting Polymers	14
2.4 Two-Dimensional Materials	14
3 MXenes	14
3.1 MAX-to-MXene Transformation	15
3.2 Surface Terminations	16
3.3 Restacking of MXene Sheets	16
3.4 Oxidation and Stability	17
3.5 Strategies for Improving MXene Electrodes	17
4 V2CTx MXene	18
4.1 Electrochemical Performance of V2CTx	18
5 Carbon Quantum Dots	19
6 MXene/CQD Composite Electrodes	19
6.1 Proposed Role of CQDs in V2CTx	20
7 Comparison of Previously Reported Electrode Materials	21
8 Literature Summary	22
Chapter 3 Experimental Methodology	23
1 Materials and Chemicals	23
2 Synthesis of V₂CTₓ MXene	23
3 Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots Co-Doped with Nitrogen and Sulfur	25
4 Synthesis of N, S-CQD/V₂CTₓ Composite	26
5 Electrode Preparation	27
6 Materials Characterization	28
6.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)	28
6.2 High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM)	29
6.3  (EDS/EDX) Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy	30
6.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	31
6.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	32
6.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)	33
6.7 Zeta-Potential Analysis	33
7 Electrochemical Measurements	34
8 Calculation and Electrochemical Data Analysis	36
8.1 Specific Capacitance from GCD and CV	36
8.2 Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance	36
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion	38
1 Structural Analysis by X-ray Diffraction	38
2 Morphological and Elemental Analysis	39
2.1 HR-SEM Analysis	39
2.2 EDS Analysis	40
3 TEM Analysis	41
3.1 TEM of CQDs co-doped with N, S	41
3.2 TEM of V₂CTₓ MXene	42
3.3 TEM of N, S-CQD/V2CTx Composite	43
4 Surface Chemical Analysis by XPS	45
4.1 XPS Survey Spectrum	45
4.2 High-Resolution C 1s Spectrum	45
4.3 V 2p Spectrum	46
4.4 N 1s Spectrum	47
4.5 S 2p Spectrum	47
4.6 O 1s Spectrum	47
5 FTIR Analysis	48
6 Zeta-Potential Analysis	49
7 Electrochemical Performance	51
7.1 Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis	51
7.2 Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge Analysis	52
7.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy	54
8 Comparison of V₂CTₓ and N, S-CQD/V2CTx	56
Chapter 5 Conclusion	59
Chapter 6 Future Work	60
References	61
                                    

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