大部分生物面臨熱休克壓力時，均有合成熱休克蛋白的情況，但只有植物在熱休克反應下，會合成多個種類的小分子熱休克蛋白。本研究檢測此些分子熱休克蛋白基因家族不同類型的成員間，其遺傳變異程度與分佈模式、受到何種演化力量的影響與差異。根據研究結果發現，在筷子芥屬小分子熱休克蛋白基因家族中，不同類型的sHSP (small heat shock protein)基因在基因譜系圖上各自形成單系群的形式，顯示早在種化之前其各自演化過程便已各自獨立。細胞質第一型(sHsp17.6、sHsp17.4)與內質網型sHsp22，主要是受到balancing selection的影響，在基因片段與基因譜系圖上均呈現保留高度多型性(polymorphism)的情況。且筷子芥屬細胞質第一型sHSP基因可能是藉由多次gene duplication的機制產生多個不同的基因片段。筷子芥屬小分子熱休克蛋白基因家族中，表現於胞器的葉綠體型與粒線體型的sHSP基因片段，其Tajima’s D值呈現顯著負值，由此可知此二類sHSP基因受到強烈的負向天擇作用，核酸序列的變異程度低，可能是因為此二種作用在胞器的基因，在維持植物細胞的正常生理功能上，扮演十分重要的角色，基因序列一旦發生變異就可能造成胺基酸序列的改變，影響蛋白質功能與作用，序列高度保守的特性反映出受到天擇的強烈影響。而在阿拉伯芥細胞質第二型(sHsp17.6II) 基因中，可以發現此基因受到顯著負向天擇的影響，但是在筷子芥屬其他物種裡有不一的情況出現，Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera 與 Arabidopsis lyrata spp. kamtschatica.的sHsp17.6II有偏向balancing selection的情況，此結果顯示出在物種分化後，同源基因在不同物種中受到不同天擇效應的影響。

Although all the organisms synthesize HSPs (heat shock proteins) upon heat-shock, plants show unique feature of heat-shock response by synthesizing multiple classes of small HSPs (sHSPs). This study focuses on molecular evolution and expression patterns of the genes of the small heat shock proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana and other Arabidopsis species. Natural selection hypothesis was tested and modes of natural selection were identified. Evolutionary genetic analyses revealed that phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sHSP gene family in plants has experienced multiple gene duplications. It is clear that the evolution of the sHSPs rely on knowledge of the evolutionary relationships of the organisms from which the sHSP genes were isolated. Significantly negative Tajima’s D values are detected in the two members of sHSP gene family in Arabidopsis, chloroplast (sHsp21), and mitochondria (sHsp23.5), indicating effects of negative selection. This study demonstrates that these two organelle-localized sHSPs play an important role in molecular adaptation. In contrast, the cytosol I ( sHsp17.6, sHsp17.4) class and the ER (sHsp22) genes are under balancing selection, due to excessive high frequency polymorphisms among nucleotide sequences. The cytosol II gene (sHsp17.6II) is under negative selection in Arabidopsis thaliana, while driven by balancing selection in Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera and Arabidopsis lyrata spp. kamtschatica. Apparently, different evolutionary forces shaped the sHSP17.6II gene in different Arabidopsis.

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