水庫於春夏兩季易因水體優養化造成藻類大量繁殖，藻類死亡後易腐敗而釋出有機物與鐵錳等還原性物質，產生的濁度、臭味及色度易增加混凝劑及前氧化劑使用量、沉澱池出水濁度偏高阻塞濾池及增加濾池反沖洗頻率等問題。本研究以寶山水庫及寶山第二水庫為主要水源之寶山淨水場原水為研究對象，經實驗室及模廠試驗，探討有無前氧化、氧化劑及混凝劑種類對原水混凝沉澱處理效率之影響。
試驗結果顯示。在無混凝劑添加下，前氯本身即可降低濁度，但以高錳酸鉀進行前氧化處理則產生二氧化錳增加濁度。以鋁鹽為混凝劑的條件下，不論以氯或高錳酸鉀為前氧化劑，對濁度及顆粒數的去除皆有正面效果。若以鐵鹽取代鋁鹽作為混凝劑，氯易破壞鐵鹽膠羽的生成，造成出水顆粒去除率比單純鐵鹽混凝的情況差。比較不同混凝劑的效果，則可明顯看出鐵鹽在濁度及顆粒數的去除上皆優於鋁鹽。有機物去除部份：單獨以低劑量的前氧化劑處理，對於水中NPDOC的影響並不明顯。以高錳酸鉀配合鐵鹽的處理流程，對於NPDOC的去除則明顯高於無前氧化或以氯配合鐵鹽的流程。然而，不論以高錳酸鉀或氯為前氧化劑，在高劑量下，皆會造成NPDOC明顯提高。消毒副產物的生成潛能，以THMFP7days為例，水中的消毒副產物主要來源為水中溶解性有機物，顆粒性有機物的貢獻不大。鐵鹽在消毒副產物生成潛能的去除效果較鋁鹽佳，前氧化劑則以高錳酸鉀的效果較好。

English Abstract
Eutrophication in reservoir leads to algal blooms during spring and summer days. After death, algae release organic compounds and reducing materials such as iron and manganese. These chemical in the reservoir may cause turbidity, odor, and color increasing, resulting in consuming more coagulant and pre-oxidants 、the higher turbidity of outflow of sedimentation tank and increasing frequency of filter backwash. This study take Baoshan water treatment factory, which converge Baoshan Reservoir and Baoshan second Reservoir water as the main source of raw water, as research object to discuss the effect of raw water treatment efficiency after different dosage and different types of pre-oxidant、coagulant treatment by laboratory test and model test.

The results showed that using chlorine as pre-oxidants can reduce the turbidity without coagulant treatment. However, manganese dioxide produced by using potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants would increase water turbidity. Taking alum as a coagulant, it has positive effects whether chlorine or potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants in the removal of turbidity and particles. However, taking ferric chloride to replace the alum as coagulant, chlorine as pre-oxidant can easily make flocs formation decrease, resulting in more residual particles in the outflow of sedimentation tank than without pre-oxidants treatment. Compare the effect of different coagulants, we can see that using ferric chloride as coagulant is better than alum in the removal of turbidity and particles. In the removal of organic compound-- NPDOC, it has no significant difference with low-dosage pre-oxidants treatment. The efficiency of Permanganate - ferric chloride process is higher than no pre-oxidation treatment, or chlorine- ferric chloride process for the removal of NPDOC. However, either potassium permanganate or chlorine as pre-oxidants in high-dose treatment would lead to NPDOC significantly increased. Taking disinfection byproducts formation potential : THMFP7days, as an example, the main sources of disinfection by-product is soluble organic compounds.Particulate and organic compounds seldom cause disinfection by-product formation. Process of using ferric chloride as coagulant and potassium permanganate as pre-oxidant generated good removal efficiency than alum in the formation potential of disinfection by-products

參考文獻

Aim, R. B., Vigneswaran S., Prasanthi H., and Jegatheesan V., “Influence of Particle Size and Size Distribution in Granular Bed Filtration and Dynamic Microfiltration,” Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol.36, No.4, pp. 207-215, 1997.

Amirtharajah, A., “Coagulation Rejuvenation for a Classical Process,”Water Engineering and Management, Vol. 137, No. 12, pp. 25-32, 1990.

Amy, G. L. ”Using NOM Characterization for the Evalution of Treatment,” Proceedings of the AWWA Research foundation, Lyonnaise Des Eaux Dumez Workshop, Chamonix, France, September 19-22, 1993.

Bernhardt, H. “Studies on the treatment of eutrophic water”, Water Supply: the Reviews Journal of the International Water Supply Association, 17: ss.12-1~12-16, 1989.

Braus, H. M., Middleton, F. M., and Ruchhoff, C. C., Anal. Chem. Vol. 24, pp. 1872-1876, 1952.

Christman, R. F., Norwood, D. L., Seo, Y. and Frimmel, F. H. “Oxidative Degradation of Humic Substances from FreshwaterEnviironments,”Humic Substances II inSearch of Structure, Hayes, M. H. B., Mac, P., and Malcolm, R. L., eds, John Wiley and Sons, Chchester.

Clark, S. C., Lawler, D. F., and Cushing, R. S., “Contact Filtration: Particle Size and Ripening,” Jour. AWWA, Vol. 84, No. 12, pp. 61-71, 1992.

Edwards, G. A., Amirtharajah, A. ”Removing Color Caused by Humic Acids,” Jour. AWWA,Vol. 77, No. 3, pp50-57, 1985.

Fitzgerald, G. P. “Use of Potassium Permangante for Contral of Problem Algae.”, Jour. AWWA, 56:5:609-614, 1996.

Graham, N. J. D. “ The Role of Ozone and Potassium
Permanganate in Drinking Water Treatment ”, Proceedings 3th
International Workshop on Drinking Water Quality Management and Treatment Technology, March 5–6, Tawian, R. O. C., 29 ~ 52, 1997.

Hargesheimer, E. E., Lewis C. M., and Yentsch C.M.,”Evaluation of Particle Counting as a Measure of Treatment Plant Performance,” AWWA Research Function, 1992.

Hargesheimer, E. E., McTigue, N. E., Mielke, J. L., Phillip, Y. and Tom, E., “Tracking Filter Performance With Particle Counting,” Jour. AWWA, Vol. 90, No. 12, pp. 32-41, 1998.

Hatukai, S., Ben-Tzur, Y., and Rebhun, M., “Particle Counts and SizeDistribution in System Design for Removal of Turbidity by Granular Deep Bed Filtration, ” Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 225-230, 1997.

Hundt, T. R. and O’Melia, C.R.,”Aluminum- Fulvic Acid Interation： Mechanisms and Applications,” J. Am. Wat. Wks.Ass., Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 176-186, 1988.

Iris K., Nicolae, V., and Avner, A., “Particle Size Distribution and Wastewater Filter Performance,” Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 217-224, 1997.

Jolley, R. L. and Suffet, I. H., “Concentration Techniques for Isolating Organic Constituents in Environmental Water Samples,” Organic Pollution in Water. Suffet, I. H., and Malaiyandi, M., Eds, America, 1987.

Kavanaugh, M. C., ”Modified Coagulation for Improved Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors,” Jour. AWWA, Vol. 70, pp. 613-620, 1978.

Kawamura, S.,“Optimisation of Basic Water-Treatment Processes—Design and Operation: Sedimentation and Filtration,” Jour. Water SRT-Aqua, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp .130-142, 1996.

Kemp, H. T., Fuller, R. G., and Davidson, R. S. “Potassium
Permanganate as an Algicide.”, Jour. AWWA, 54:2:255-263, 1996.

Lawler, D. F., “Particle Size Distributions in Treatment Processes : Theory and Practice”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 15-23, 1997.

Leenheer, J. A., ”Comprehensive Approach to Preparative Isolation and Fractionation of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Natural Waters and Wastewaters,” Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 15, No 5, pp. 578-587, 1981.

Mackie, R. I., and Bai, R., “Suspended Particle Size Distribution and the Performance of Deep Bed Filter,” Water Research, Vol. 26, No. 12, pp. 1571-1575, 1992.

Moran, D. C., Moran, M. C., Cushing, R. S., and Lawler, D. F., “Particle Behavior in Deep-Bed Filtration Part 1-Ripening and Breakthrough,” Jour. AWWA, Vol. 85, No. 12, pp. 69-81, 1993.

Mouchet, P. and Bonnely, V. “Solving Alage Problem: French Expertise and World-wide Application”, J Water SRT Aqua,47:3:125-141,1998.

Moyers, B. and Wu, Y. S. “ Removal of Organic Precursors by
Permanganate Oxidation and Alum Coagulation ”, Wat. Res., 19 : 3 : 309 ~ 314, 1985.

O'Melia, C.R. “Coagulation and Flocculation,” Physicochemical Process for Water Quality Control, edited by Weber, John, Wiley and Sons, 61-109.

Peterson, H. G. et. Al “Physiological Toxicity, Cell Membrance Damage and the Reslease of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Geosmin by Aphanizomenon Flocs-aquae after Explore to Water Treatment Chemicals”, Wat. Res., 29:6:1515-1523, 1995.

Peuŝevki, B., Van Breemen, A. N. and Alaerts, G. J. “Effect of Permangante Pretreatment and Coagulation with Dual Coagulants Alage Removal in Direct Filtration”, J. Water SRT-Aqua, 40:5:316-3326, 1996.

Schnitzer, W. “The Chemistry of Humic Substances,” Environmental Biogeochemistry, Nriague, J.O. ed., Vol. 1, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1976.

Semmens, M. J., and Field, T. K. “Caogulation: Experiences in Organics Removal” J. Am. Wat. Wks.Ass., Vol. 72, No. 8, pp. 476-483, 1980.

Snoeyink, V. L. and Jenkins, D. “Coordination Chemistry,”
Chapter 5 in Water Chemistry, John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., New York, 1980.

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. “Chemical Aspects of Coagulation,” Jour. AWWA , 54(8), 971-991, 1962.

Tambo, N., “New Water Quality Indices of Organic for the Evaluation of Treatment Process and Self-Pureification,” 5th Asia Pacific Regional Water Supply Conference, pp. ss4-4-1-ss4-4-10, 1986.

Thurman, E. M. Organic Geochemistry of Nature Water, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 15-17, 1985.

Thurman, E. M. and Malcolm, R. L. “Preparative Isolation of Aquatic Humic Substances,” Environ. Sci. and Technol., Vol. 15, pp 463-466, 1981.

USEPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products; Proposed Rule. Fed. Reg., 59: 145: 38668, July 29, 1994.

Weber, W. J. “ Principles and Theories of Chemical Oxidation ”, Physicochemical Processes – for Water Quality Control, John Wiley & Sons., 369 ~ 380,1972.

Zawacki, J. “ KMnO4 Contributes to Least – Cost Treatment
Solution ”, Wat. / Eng. & Mange., 141 : 5 : 18~19, 1992.

環保署環境檢驗所，水質檢驗方法彙編，1992。