簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 李佳陵
Lee, Chia-ling
論文名稱: 線上商店環境之氣氛及設計對消費者情感激起、消費者態度及購買意圖之影響
The Influence of Online Store Atmosphere and Design on Customer's Emotional Arousal, Attitude, and Purchasing Intention
指導教授: 吳萬益
Wu, Wann-Yih
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 管理學院 - 企業管理學系
Department of Business Administration
論文出版年: 2009
畢業學年度: 97
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 123
中文關鍵詞: 網頁氣氛網頁氛圍網頁陳列愉快情感激起購買意圖個人價值觀
外文關鍵詞: universal value, purchasing intention, arousal, website atmosphere, ambience atmosphere, layout design, pleasure
相關次數: 點閱:136下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 隨著線上購物風潮持續,線上零售業仍然吸引眾人的目光。Baker 等學者1994提出網頁氣氛相較於其他因素對於線上消費者的購買意圖有更大的影響。Luna 等學者則建議應該研究線上購物網頁的氣氛。所以逐漸有關於線上購物網頁氣氛探討的文獻出現。本研究採取S-O-R 模式建立架構,探討網頁的氛圍及陳列設計如何影響消費
    者情感激起,對網頁之態度及購買意願。此外,由於過去的文獻建議消費者的特質將會成為影響線上購物網頁氣氛及消費者情感激起,對網頁態度的干擾變數。本研究採取Schwartz 所提出的個人價值觀模式了解消費者的價值觀將如何干擾購物網頁氣氛
    及情感激起對網頁態度影響之間的關係。
    本研究結果指出網頁陳列方式,網頁氛圍,情感激起及消費者對網頁的態度皆對
    消費者之購買意圖正面的影響。其中網頁氛圍比網頁陳列方式對於消費者購買意圖的影響較大。而個人價值觀之中的對改變開放(openness-to-change)與自我增強(self-enhancement)對於網頁氣氛及網頁態度有正向干擾現象,保守(conservation)則對網頁氣氛及網頁態度則有負向干擾現象。

    Online retailing has attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to its potential and implication for buyers and sellers. Baker et al. (1994) stated that atmospheric cues may be more influential than other marketing inputs at the point of purchase. As a result, this study adopts the S-O-R framework to illustrate how layout design and ambience atmosphere influence consumers shopping intention on the website. Beside, consumer’s characters are suggested to moderate the relationship between layout design, ambience atmosphere and emotional arousal and shoppers’ attitude toward the website. In this study, we adopt universal value (Schwartz, 1992) to examine its moderating effects on the relationship between
    stimulus and organism in S-O-R framework.
    The results of this study indicate that layout design, ambience atmosphere, emotional arousal, and attitude toward the website positively influence purchasing intention. Besides, ambience atmosphere presents more influential effect than layout design. Moreover, openness-
    to change and self-enhancement positively moderate the relationship between ambience atmospheres, and attitude toward the website, whereas, conservation has negative
    moderate effect on the relationship between ambience atmospheres, and attitude toward the website.

    ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES VIII LIST OF FIGURES XI CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Motivation 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Conceptual Framework 2 1.3 Scope of the Study 4 1.4 Structure of the Research and Research Process 4 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Definition of Theory and Research Constructs 7 2.1.1 Research on Store Atmospherics 7 2.1.2 Online Store Atmospherics 8 2.1.2.1 Layout Design Factor 11 2.1.2.2 Ambience Atmosphere 11 2.1.3 Emotional Arousal 12 2.1.4 Attitude toward the Website 14 2.1.5 Purchasing Intention 15 2.1.6 Universal Value 16 2.2 Hypotheses Development 20 2.2.1 Interrelationship between Website characteristics and Emotional arousal 20 2.2.2 Interrelationship between Layout Design, Ambience Atmosphere, and Attitude toward the Website 21 2.2.3 Interrelationship between Emotional Arousal, Attitude toward the Website, and Purchasing Intention 22 2.2.4. The Influence of Universal Value 24 2.2.4.1 The Influences of Openness-to-change and Conservation 24 2.2.4.2 The Influences of Self-enhancement and Self-transcendence 25 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 28 3.1 The Conceptual Model 28 3.2 Construct Measurement 31 3.2.1 Layout Design and Ambience Atmosphere 31 3.2.2 Emotional Arousal 32 3.2.3 Attitude toward Web Site and Purchasing Intention 33 3.2.4 Universal Value 34 3.3 Questionnaire Design 35 3.4 Pretest 36 3.4.1 Stage 1 36 3.4.2 Stage 2 38 3.5 Sampling Process 38 3.6 Data Analysis Procedure 39 3.6.1 Descriptive Statistics Analysis 39 3.6.2 Purification and Reliability of the Measurement Variables 39 3.6.3 Relationships among Research Variables 40 CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND RESULT 42 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 42 4.1.1 Data Collection 42 4.1.2. Characteristics of Respondents 42 4.2 Measurement Results for Research Variables 43 4.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis and Reliability Tests 46 4.3.1 Universal Value 46 4.3.1.1 Self-Enhancement 46 4.3.1.2 Openness-to-change 47 4.3.1.3 Self-transcendence 48 4.3.1.4 Conservation 49 4.3.2 Layout design 50 4.3.3 Ambience Atmosphere 51 4.3.4 Emotional Arousal 52 4.3.4.1 Pleasure 52 4.3.4.2 Arousal 52 4.3.5 Attitude toward the Website 53 4.3.6 Purchasing Intention 54 4.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Construct Validity and Reliability 55 4.5 The Influence of Online Store Atmosphere and Design on Consumer’s Emotional Arousal, Attitude, and Purchasing Intention 57 4.6 Moderating Effects Analysis of Universal Value 61 4.2.1 Moderating Effects of Openness-to-Change and Conservation on the Relationship between Layout Design, Ambience Atmosphere and Emotional Arousal, Attitude toward the Website 62 4.2.2 Moderating Effects of Self-enhancement and self-transcendence on the Relationship between Layout Design, Ambience Atmosphere and Emotional Arousal, Attitude toward the Website 74 4.7 Structure Equation Model 86 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 94 5.1 Research Conclusion 94 5.2 Research Implication and Contributions 96 5.2.1 Academic Contributions 96 5.2.2 Managerial Implications 97 5.3 Limitations and Future Research Direction 98 REFERENCES 100 APPENDIX 108 APPENDIX A 108 APPENDIX B 119

    Adelaar, T., Chang, S., Lancendorfer, K. M., Lee, B., & Morimoto, M. (2003). Effects of
    media formats on emotions and impulse buying intent. Journal of Information
    Technology, 18(4), 247 - 266.
    Agarwal, J., & Malhotra, N. (2005). An integrated model of attitude and affect: theoretical
    foundation and empirical investigation Journal of Business Research, 58(4),
    483-493.
    Aubert-Gamet, V. (1997). Twisting servicescapes: diversion of the physical environment
    in a re-appropriation process. International Journal of Service Industry Management,
    8(1), 26-41.
    Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., & Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or fun: measuring hedonic
    and utilitarian shopping value. The Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 644-656.
    Babin, B. J., Hardesty, D. M., & Suter, T. A. (2003). Color and shopping intentions: the
    intervening effect of price fairness and perceived affect. Journal of Business Research,
    56(7), 541-551.
    Bagozzi, R. P., Tybout, A. M., Craig, S., & Sternthal, B. (1979). The construct validity of
    the tripartite classification of attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1),
    88-95.
    Baker, J. (1986). The role of environment in marketing services: the consumer perspective.
    In J. A. Czpeil, C. Congram & J. Shanaham (Eds.), The services marketing challenge:
    Integrated for competitive advantage (pp. 79-84). Chicago: American Marketing
    Association.
    Baker, J., Grewal, D., & Levy, M. (1992). An experimental approach to making retail store
    decisions. Journal of Retailing, 68(Winter), 445-460.
    Baker, J., Grewal, D., & Parasuraman, A. (1994). The influence of store environment on
    quality inferences and store image. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,
    22(4), 328-339.
    Bellizi, J. A., Crowley, A. E., & Hasty, R. W. (1983). The effects of color in store design.
    Journal of Retailing, 59(Spring), 21-45.
    Bellizi, J. A., & Hite, R. E. (1992). Environmental color, consumer feelings and purchase
    likelihood. Psychology & Marketing, 9(5), 347-363.
    Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental
    Social Psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1-62).
    Bitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: the impact of physical surroundings on customers and
    employees. Journal of Marketing, 56(April), 57-71.
    Bone, P. F., & Jamtrania, S. (1992). Olfaction as a cue for product quality. Marketing Letters,
    3, 289–296.
    Bosnjak, M., Galesic, M., & Tuten, T. (2007). Personality determinants of online shopping:
    explaining online purchase intentions using a hierarchical approach. Journal of
    Business Research, 60(6), 597-605.
    Brown, S. P., & Stayman, D. M. (1992). Antecedents and consequences of attitudes toward
    the ad: a meta analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(June), 34-51.
    Bruner II, G. C., & Kumar, A. (2000). Web commercials and advertising hierarchy-
    ofeffects. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(1/2), 35-42.
    Bucklin, R. E., & Sismeiro, C. (2003). A model of web site browsing behavior estimated
    on clickstream data. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 40(3), 249-267.
    Caprara, G. V., Schwartz, S., Capanna, C., Vecchione, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2006). Personality
    and politics: values, traits, and political choice. Political Psychology, 27(1),
    1-28.
    Caulfield, B. (2000). Virtual reality gets real. Internet World, 6(3), 36-37.
    Chen, L. D., Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002). Enticing online consumers: an extended
    technology acceptance perspective. Information and Management, 39,
    705-719.
    Chen, Q., & Wells, W. D. (1999). Attitude toward the site. Journal of Advertising Research,
    39(5), 27-37.
    Chen, Q. M., Clifford, S. J., & Wells, W. D. (2002). Attitude toward the site II: new information.
    Journal of Advertising Research, March-April, 33-45.
    Childers, T. L., Carr, C. L., Peck, J., & Carson, S. (2001). Hedonic and utilitarian motivations
    for online retail shopping behavior. . Journal of Retailing, 77, 511-535.
    Coyle, J. R., & Thorson, E. (2001). The effects of progressive levels of interactivity and
    vividness in web marketing sites. Journal of Advertising, 30(3), 65-77.
    Cremer, D. D. (2004). The Self-Relevant Implications of Distribution Rules: When
    Self-Esteem and Acceptance Are Influenced by Violations of the Equity Rule Social
    Justice Research, 15(4), 327-339.
    Dollinger, S. J., Leong, F. T. L., & Ulicni, S. K. (1996). On traits and values: with special
    reference to openness to experience. . Journal of Research in Personality, 30,
    23-41.
    Donovan, R., & Rossiter, J. (1982). Store atmosphere: an environmental psychology approach.
    Journal of Retailing, 58, 34-57.
    Donovan, R. J., Rossiter, J. R., Marcoolyn, G., & Nesdale, A. (1994). Store atmosphere
    and purchasing behavior. Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 283-294.
    Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
    Edwards, K. (1990). The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formaiton and change
    journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59(2), 202-216.
    Eighmey, J. (1997). Profiling user responses to commercial web sites. Journal of Advertising
    Research, 37(3), 59-66.
    Ernst, & Young. (2000). Global on-line retailing—an Ernst and Young special report.
    Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2001). Atmospheric qualities of online retailing:
    a conceptual model and implications. Journal of Business Research, 54(2),
    177-184.
    Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2003). Empirical testing of a model of
    online store atmospherics and shopper responses. Psychology and Marketing, 20(2),
    139-150.
    Farley, S. D., & Stasson, M. F. (2003). Relative influences of affect and cognition on behavior:
    are feelings or beliefs more related to blood donation intentions? Experimental
    Psychology, 50(1), 55-62.
    Fiore, A. M., & Kim, J. (2007). An integrative framework capturing experiential and utilitarian
    shopping experience. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,
    35(6), 421-442.
    Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction
    to Theory and Research. MA: Addison-Wesley.
    Francisco J. Martínez-López, P. L., Francisco José Martínez. (2005). Online shopping, the
    standard learning hierarchy, and consumers' internet expertise. Internet Research,
    15(3), 312-334.
    Gandal, N., Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2005). Personal value priorities of
    economists. Human Relations, 58(10), 1227-1252.
    Golden, L. G., & Zimmerman, D. A. (1986). Effective retailing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
    Griffith, D. A. (2005). An examination of the influences of store layout in online retailing.
    Journal of Business Research, 58(10), 1391-1396.
    Griffitt, W. (1970). Environment effects on inter-personal affective behavior: ambient
    temperature and attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(3),
    240-244.
    Hirsch, A. R. (1995). Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino.
    Psychology and Marketing, 12(October), 585-594.
    Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments:
    conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.
    Hong, W., Thong, J. Y. L., & Tam, K. Y. (2004). Designing product listing pages on
    e-commerce websites: an examination of presentation mode and information format.
    International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 61(4), 481-503.
    Hong, W., Thong, J. Y. L., & Tam, K. Y. (2004). The effects of information format and
    shopping task on consumers' online shopping behavior: a cognitive fit perspective.
    Journal of Management Information Systems, 21(3), 149 - 184
    Huang, M.-H. (2003). Modeling virtual exploratory and shopping dynamics: an environmental
    psychology approach. Information & Management, 41(1), 39-47.
    Huang, M.-H. (2005). Web performance scale. Information & Management, 42(6),
    841-852.
    Hui, M. K., Dube, L., & Chebat, J.-C. (1997). The impact of music on consumers' reaction
    to waiting for service. Journal of Retailing, 72(Spring), 87-104.
    Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotion. New York: Plenum.
    Jee, J., & Lee, W. N. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of perceived interactivity: an
    exploratory study. Journal of Interactive Advertisement, 3(1), 1-16.
    Keller, P. A., & Block, L. G. (1997). Vividness effects: a resource-matching perspective.
    Journal of Consumer Research, 24(3), 295-304.
    Kim, M. A. J., & Park, J. (2005). A consumer shopping channel extension model: attitude
    shift toward the online store. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 9(1),
    106-121.
    Kotler, P. (1973). Atmosphere as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49, 48-64.
    Koufaris, M., Kambil, Ajit,, & LaBarbera, P., Ann. (2002). Consumer behavior in
    web-based commerce: An empirical study. Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(2),
    131-154.
    Kristiansen, C. M., & Hotte, A. M. (1996). Morality and the self: implications for when
    and how of value-attitude-behavior relations. In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson & M. P.
    Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values (Vol. 8). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Lin, J. C.-C. (2007). Online stickiness: its antecedents and effect on purchasing intention.
    Behaviour & Information Technology, 26(6), 507-516.
    Lipponen, J., Olkkonen, M.-E., & Myyry, L. (2004). Personal Value Orientation as a
    Moderator in the Relationships Between Perceived Organizational Justice and Its
    Hypothesized Consequences. Social Justice Research, 17(3), 275-292.
    Luk, C. L., & Bond, M. H. (1993). Personality variation and values endorsement in Chinese
    university students. . Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 429-437.
    Luna, D., Peracchio, L. A., & de Juan, M. D. (2002). Cross-cultural and cognitive aspects
    of web site navigation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4),
    397-410.
    Lutz, R. J., MacKenzie, S. B., & Belch, G. E. (1983). Attitude toward the ad as a mediator
    of advertising effectiveness: determinants and consequences. In R. P. Bagozzi & A.
    M. Tybout (Eds.), Association for Consumer Research (Vol. 10, pp. 532-539).
    Machleit, K. A., & Eroglu, S. A. (2000). Describing and measuring emotional response to
    shopping experience. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 101-111.
    Marans, R. W., & Spreckelmeyer, K. F. (1982). Measuring overall architectural quality: a
    component of building evaluation. Environment and Behavior, 14(6), 652-670.
    Martínez-López, F. J., Luna, P., & Martínez, F. J. (2005). Online shopping, the standard
    learning hierarchy, and consumers' internet expertise: An American-Spanish comparison.
    Internet Research, 15(3), 312-334.
    Mathwick, C., Malhotra, N., & Rigdon, E. (2001). Experiential value: conceptualization,
    measurement and application in the catalog and Internet shopping environment[
    small star, filled]. Journal of Retailing, 77(1), 39-56.
    McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. J. (1990). Personality in adulthood. New York: Guilford.
    Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environment psychology Cambridge:
    MA: MIT Press.
    Michon, R., Chebat, J.-C., & Turley, L. W. (2005). Mall atmospherics: the interaction effects
    of the mall environment on shopping behavior. Journal of Business Research,
    58(5), 576-583.
    Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2001). Structural models of personality and their relation to
    antisocial behavior: A metaanalytic review. Criminology, 39, 765-792.
    Milliman, R. E. (1982). Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket
    shoppers. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 86-91.
    Milliman, R. E., & Fugate, D. L. (1993). Atmospherics as an emerging influence in the design
    of exchange environments. Journal of Marketing Management,
    3(Spring/Summer), 66-74.
    Mitchell, D. J., Kahn, B. E., & Knasko, S. C. (1995). There's something in the air: effects
    of congruent or incongruent ambient odor on consumer decision making. Journal of
    Consumer Research, 22(September), 229-238.
    Montoya-Weis, M., Voss, G., & Grewall, D. (2003). Determinants of online channel use
    and overall satisfaction with a relational, multi-channel service provider. Journal of
    the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(4), 448-458.
    Mummalaneni, V. (2005). An empirical investigation of web site characteristics, consumer
    emotional states and on-line shopping behaviors. Journal of Business Research,
    58(4), 526-532.
    Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y.-F. (2000). Measuring the customer experience
    in online environments: a structural modeling approach. Marketing Science, 19(1),
    22-42.
    Paivio, A. (1990). Mental representations: a dual coding approach. New York.: Oxford
    University Press.
    Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In
    L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 22, pp.
    123-205). New York: Academic Press.
    Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: a psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
    Porat, T., Liss, R., & Tractinsky, N. (2007). E-stores design: the influence of e-store design
    and product type on consumers’emotions and attitudes. Human-Computer Interaction,
    4553, 712-721.
    Ranaweera, C., McDougall, G., & Bansal, H. (2005). A model of online customer behavior
    during the initial transaction: Moderating effects of customer characteristics. Marketing
    Theory, 5(1), 51-74.
    Reibstein, D. J. (2000). Who is buying on the Internet, 1999? : University of Pennsylvania.
    Richard, M.-O. (2005). Modeling the impact of internet atmospherics on surfer behavior
    Journal of Business Research 58(12), 1632-1642
    Richins, M. L. (1997). Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. The Journal of
    Consumer Research, 24(2), 127-146.
    Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The big five personality factors
    and personal values. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 28(6), 789-801.
    Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
    Roy, A., & Tai, S. T. C. (2003). Store environment and shopping behavior: the role of imagery
    elaboration and shopping orientation. Journal of International Consumer
    Marketing, 15(3), 71-99.
    Russell, J. A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
    37(September), 345-356.
    Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2007). Cultural values in organisations: insights for Europe.
    European Journal of International Management 1(3), 176 - 190
    Sagiv, L. S., Shalom H. (1995). Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact.
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 437-448.
    Sayed, I. M. E., Farrag, D. A., & Belk, R. W. (2003). The effects of physical surroundings
    on egyptian consumers' emotional states and buying intentions. Journal of International
    Consumer Marketing, 16(1), 5-26.
    Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances
    and empirical tests in 20 countries. In P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental
    social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press.
    Schwartz, S. H. (1997). Values and culture. In D. Munro, S. Carr & J. Schumaker (Eds.),
    Motivation and culture (pp. 69-84). New York: Routledge.
    Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: taking a similarities
    perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268-290.
    Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2003). Values and behavior: strength and structure of relations.
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1207-1220.
    Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human
    values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 550-562.
    Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure
    of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality
    and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
    Schwartz, S. H., & Boehnke, K. (2004). Evaluating the structure of human values with
    confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(3), 230-255.
    Sherman, E., Mathur, A., & Smith, R. B. (1997). Store environment and consumer purchase
    behavior: mediating role of consumer emotions. Psychology & Marketing,
    14(4), 361-378.
    Shih, C.-F. (1998). Telepresence and bricolage: a conceptual model of consumer experiences
    in virtual environments. Paper presented at the Winter Society for Consumer
    Psychology Conference Proceedings, MC Campbell.
    Shih, C. F. E. (1998). Conceptualizing consumer experiences in cyberspace. European
    Journal of Marketing,, 32(7/8), 655-663.
    Sirgy, M. J., Grewal, D., & Mangleburg, T. (2000). Retail environment, self-congruity, and
    retail patronage: an integrative model and a research agenda. Journal of Business
    Research, 49(2), 127-138.
    Song, J., & Zahedi, F. M. (2005). A theoretical approach to web design in e-commerce: a
    belief reinforcement model. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 51(8), 1219-1235.
    Spangenberg, E. R., Crowley, A. E., & Henderson, P. W. (1996). Improving the store environment:
    do olfactory cues affect evaluations and behaviors? Journal of Marketing,
    60(April), 67-80.
    Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1992). The role of optimum stimulation level
    in exploratory consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 434-449.
    Steur, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of
    Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
    Stevenson, J. S., Bruner, G. C., & Kumar, A. (2000). Web page background and viewer
    attitudes. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(1/2), 29-34.
    Swinyard, W. R. (1993). The effects of mood, involvement, and quality of store experience
    on shopping intentions. The Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 271-280.
    Verplanken, B., Hofstee, G., & Janssen, H. J. W. (1998). Accessibility of affective versus
    cognitive components of attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology,, 28,
    23-35.
    Wu, J., & Liu, D. (2007). The effects of trust and enjoyment on intention to play online
    games. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 8(2), 128-140.
    Yalch, R., & Spangenberg, E. (1990). Effects of store music on shopping behavior. Journal
    of Consumer Marketing, 7, 55-63.
    Yalch, R. F., & Spangenberg, E. R. (2000). The effects of music in a retail setting on real
    and perceived shopping times. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 139-147.
    Yun, Z.-S., & Good, L. K. (2007). Developing customer loyalty from e-tail store image
    attributes. Managing Service Quality, 17(1), 4-22.

    無法下載圖示 校內:2108-09-04公開
    校外:2108-09-04公開
    電子論文尚未授權公開,紙本請查館藏目錄
    QR CODE