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研究生: 戴子純
Dai, Tzu-Chun
論文名稱: 東砂西運之外部成本估算
Valuation of the External Cost Generated by "Transporting Sand and Gravel from Eastern Taiwan to Western Taiwan"
指導教授: 姜渝生
Chiang, Yu-Sheng
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 規劃與設計學院 - 都市計劃學系
Department of Urban Planning
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 140
中文關鍵詞: 條件評估法非市場價值評估法東砂西運
外文關鍵詞: Transporting Sand and Gravel from Eastern Taiwan, contingent valuation method, non-market valuation method
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  • 砂石乃工程建設之必備材料,且屬消耗性資源,多年來西部河砂在長期開採下已急劇耗竭,政府為彌補砂石超額需求缺口,遂提出砂石開發供應方案,「東砂西運」即為其中重要策略之一。
    近十年來由於大規模陸上砂石未能順利開發,使砂石供應主要以河砂為主,東部砂石因之身負調節砂石供需之重任。根據本研究對東砂西運執行現況之調查與分析結果顯示,東部河川近年來經常在政策壓力下進行非立即必要性之疏濬,使河川與河岸周遭生態環境品質遭受影響,且隨著東砂西運砂石量逐年增加,外部性問題亦相隨日漸惡化。以上均顯示著東砂西運政策執行之相關內容實有進行深入檢討之必要。
    根據外部性理論,外部性將導致資源配置不效率,實應予以重視。又綜觀過去有關東砂西運之相關研究多聚焦於砂石來源或管理制度上,關於環境面之探討則非常缺乏。是故,本研究主要針對外部成本進行估計,並以環境經濟學觀點對東砂西運執行現況提出建議。
    本研究根據環境資源之特性,選擇以條件評估法估計東砂西運政策之執行對東部地區所產生之外部成本,推估結果顯示,受訪者之東部地區每家戶平均願付價格約為2,936元,非東部地區受訪者則為3,016元;東砂西運對東部地區所產生之外部總成本則約為215億元。
    本研究對東砂西運政策執行現況所提之建議如下:
    一、探討東砂西運政策持續執行之必要性,並評估其他能取代東砂西運之方案。
    二、由東部地方政府適度執行東砂西運所產生外部成本之內部化作業。
    三、路運運輸方式在符合財務效益的情況下,應朝向鐵路為主、公路為輔的模式。
      上述建議希望能對未來東砂西運政策執行時資源分配的公平性、合理性及永續性上有所助益。

    The sand and gravel are indispensable materials of engineering construction. Western river sand and gravel have been exhausted sharply under exploiting in near these decades. The government then proposes the "Sand and Gravel Development and Supply Project" in order to diminish the excess demand gap. And the policy of "Transporting Sand and Gravel from Eastern Taiwan to Western Taiwan" is one of the important tactics.
    Sand and gravel are essential but consumptive materials for building and infrastructure constructions. After years of over-exploiting the riverbeds throughout the western parts of Taiwan, sand and gravel have decreased. Therefore, the central government of Taiwan has proposed a "Sand and Gravel Supply Project," which is to transport sand and gravel from the eastern regions to the western parts of Taiwan." An objective for this project is to resolve the excess demand gap of sand and gravel in the western parts of Taiwan.
    In the past decade, lacking successful land mining for sand and gravel, riverbed excavating has become the primary source of supply. Consequently, the sand and gravel excavating from rivers in the eastern part of Taiwan take the responsibility for balancing the demand-supply market. According to this study, it shows that rivers in the eastern part of Taiwan are proceeding unnecessary dredging under the pressure of government's policy. For this reason, the environmental qualities surrounding the rivers are damaged by this policy. In addition, the external problems are also getting worse due to gradually increasing sand exploitation from rivers in the eastern of Taiwan. Hence, it is necessary to review the policy.
    According to externality theory, we should place importance on the inefficient recourse distribution caused by the externality. In addition, after examining the related research about this policy, we can conclude that most of the subjects are focused on gravel source and management mechanism not on the environmental discussion. Thus, for this study we will put more emphasis on evaluating the external costs, and based on the perspective of environmental economics, we hope to give some recommendations for this policy
    This study adopts the "Contingent Valuation Method" to estimate the external cost which is produced by the implementation of this policy - "Transporting Sand and Gravel from Eastern Taiwan to Western Taiwan". The result shows that the families in the eastern of Taiwan willing to pay about NT$2,936, in the meanwhile the families in the western of Taiwan will pay about NT$3,016. Based on this research, the total external costs are about NT$21.5 billion. In conclusion, in order to promote the equity, rationality, and sustainability of resource allocation, our suggestions are presented as follow:
    1.The central government should reconsider the necessary of the implementation of this policy, and need to find another project to replace it.
    2.The local government in eastern Taiwan should appropriately execute the internalization of external costs generated by the policy.
    3.Based on the financial cost and benefit, the sand and gravel transportation should emphasize on the railway system more than the highway system.

    第一章 緒論...................................... .1-1 第一節 研究動機與目的.............................1-1 第二節 研究內容...................................1-4 第二章 文獻回顧................................. ..2-1 第一節 東砂西運政策與文獻回顧.....................2-1 第二節 環境經濟學之理論基礎.......................2-7 第三節 自然與環境資源的整體經濟價值..............2-12 第四節 非市場價值評估法..........................2-15 第五節 條件評估法之理論基礎......................2-22 第六節 應用條件評估法之研究案例..................2-32 第七節 小結......................................2-37 第三章 東砂西運現況分析............... ............3-1 第一節 運輸方式與運量.............................3-1 第二節 東部砂石開採現況...........................3-9 第三節 砂石產量統計..............................3-16 第四節 成本現況..................................3-23 第五節 環境衝擊..................................3-29 第六節 小結......................................3-33 第四章 外部成本評估研究設計.........................4-1 第一節 問卷設計...................................4-1 第二節 抽樣設計...................................4-5 第三節 試訪與正式問卷出價金額之訂定...............4-7 第四節 環境資源成本評估模式之建構.................4-9 第五章 外部成本估算與分析...........................5-1 第一節 問卷調查敘述統計分析.......................5-1 第二節 東砂西運每年外部成本之估算................5-16 第六章 結論與建議...................................6-1  第一節 結論.......................................6-1 第二節 未來研究方向...............................6-3 附錄

    一、中文書目
    《專書》
    于宗先 (1986) 經濟學百科全書2-經濟思想史,台北市:聯經, 59-60
    王濟川、郭志剛 (2004) Logistic迴歸模型-方法及應用,台北:五南
    邱皓政 (2002) 量化研究與統計分析:SPSS中文視窗版資料,台北:五南
    吳珮瑛、陳明健 (2003) 東港溪豬糞尿汙染之外部成本推估,陳明健主編,自然資源與環境經濟學:理論基礎與本土案例分析,台北市:雙葉書廊,373-398
    吳珮瑛、蘇明達 (2001) 六十億元的由來:墾丁國家公園資源經濟價值評估,台北:前衛出版社, 13-35
    林俊昇、黃文琪 (2003) 東港溪豬糞尿汙染之外部成本推估,陳明健主編,自然資源與環境經濟學:理論基礎與本土案例分析,台北市:雙葉書廊,435-361
    徐華鍈 (2000) 問卷調查應用入門,台北,小知堂文化事業有限公司
    陳凱俐、吳珮瑛 (2003) 非市場財貨的價值衡量方法,陳明健主編,自然資源與環境經濟學:理論基礎與本土案例分析,台北市:雙葉書廊,83-107
    黃宗煌、陳明健、劉錦添、鄭欽龍、薛立敏、蕭代基 (1988) 環境經濟學與政策,台北市:聯經,21-63
    傅仰止、田芳華 (1999) 改進調查問題:設計與評估,台北:弘智文化
    過孝民、張慧勤、朱惠清 (1989) 環境經濟評估指引—環境、自然系統與發展,台北:科技圖書
    蕭新煌、朱雲鵬、蔣本基、劉小如、紀駿傑、林俊全 (2003) 永續台灣2011,台北:遠見出版社
    《期刊》
    中國文化大學地質學系 (1999) 台灣東部地區河川砂石資源調查總報告,經濟部礦業司,7-29
    王天送 (1993) 台灣地區砂石料源供應之探討,台灣礦業,45(2):9-32
    王天送 (1996) 東砂南運之可行性研究,台灣礦業,48(3):1-26
    王天送 (1996) 東砂北運實務探討與推動之研究,砂石資訊,11
    王天送 (2006) 淺議台灣砂石來源之策略,台灣礦業,58(2):49-58。
    林政宏 (2002) 台灣地區區域性砂石開發供應策略之研究,台灣礦業,54(2):44-59
    吳萬全 (1996) 砂石碎解廠洗選廢水處理之探討,48(2):41-51
    吳珮瑛、謝雯華 (1995) 環境財需求函數之估計:封閉式條件評估模型之比較分析,農業經濟叢刊,1(1):1-46
    吳珮瑛、鄭琬方、蘇明達 (2004) 複檻式決策過程模型之建構:條件評估法中抗議性答覆之處理,農業與經濟,32:26-69
    施信宏 (2004) 台灣地區土石資源開發相關法規之探討,台灣礦業,56(4):
    莊新福、施信宏 (2006) 台灣地區多元化土石供應源之探討及展望,台灣礦業,58(1):21-37。
    許書銘、廖迪發、朱書賢、周易凌 (2006) 台灣東部鐵路「東砂西運」之政策探討,中興工程,92:83-89。
    陳家榮 (2000) 台灣地區砂石供需展望與政策探討,政策月刊,63:21-26。
    陳逸偵 (1995) 民國八十三年礦業概況,台灣礦業,47(2):67-90
    陳逸偵 (1999) 台灣之砂石資源,營建物價,9:16-24
    張正修 (1999) 公共工程砂石供需問題,營建物價,9:6-15
    曾偉君、李欣恩 (2005) 台灣水稻田之糧食安全及景觀價值,農業經濟半年刊,78:39-79
    黎克恕 (2002) 花蓮港務局執行東砂西運概述,中華民國海運月刊,199:43-49
    蔡穗、周瑞芝 (1990) 台灣北部地區砂石資源供需調配之研究,台灣礦業,42(1):2-25
    蕭代基、錢玉蘭、蔡麗雪 (1998) 淡水河系水質與景觀改善效益之評估,經濟研究,35(1):29-59
    蘇明達、吳珮瑛 (2004) 願意支付價值最佳效率指標之建構與驗證,農業經濟叢刊9:2,27-60
    《研討會》
    陸雲 (1987) 高速公路車輛汙染之經濟評估,能源經濟學研討會論文集,290-304
    《官方報告書》
    太魯閣國家公園管理處 (2005) 太魯閣國家公園的生態經濟效益分析,內政部營建署,3-29
    台灣綜合研究院 (2005) 95年度土石需求量預估及總量管制供應策略之研究,經濟部礦業司
    行政院經濟建設委員會 (1996) 現階段促進產業東移行動計畫
    成大研究發展基金會 (2005) 洄瀾2010—創造永續花蓮發展願景,花蓮縣政府
    林豐富、陳文富 (2002) 砂石轉運之可行性研究,交通部運輸研究所
    翁祖炘 (2005) 砂石開發行為對環境保護及國土使用管制影響之研究
    陳家榮 (1998) 台灣地區砂石供需體系之研究,經濟部礦業司,7-43
    陳家榮 (1999) 大陸地區砂石進口現況及問題探討,經濟部礦業司,16-30
    經濟部礦業司 (1997) 砂石及碎石進口可行性之研究,77-95
    經濟部礦務局 (2002) 台灣地區91年度砂土石產銷調查報告
    (2003) 台灣地區92年度砂土石產銷調查報告
    (2004) 台灣地區93年度砂土石產銷調查報告
    (2005) 台灣地區94年度砂土石產銷調查報告
    魏稽生 (1997) 台灣東部地區和平溪、立霧溪及花蓮溪流域河川砂石蘊藏及品質調查報告,經濟部礦務局,45-104
    魏稽生 (1999) 台灣東部地區秀姑巒溪及其支流之砂石資源調查,經濟部礦務局,73-94
    《論文》
    王天送 (2000) 台灣地區土石資源開發利用策略之研究,國立台北科技大學材料及資源工程研究所碩士論文
    史嘉莉 (2005) 以合作賽局理論探討花蓮地區東砂西運業者之結盟策略,國立東華大學企業管理系碩士在職專班碩士論文
    邱虹綺 (2005) 地下水水質的經濟價值評估,國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文
    陳宇人 (2002) 花蓮縣砂石採取聯合管理制度執行現況探討,國立東華大學自然資源管理研究所碩士論文
    張朝能 (1993) 台灣地區砂石運送作業模式之研究,國立交通大學交通運輸研究所碩士論文
    劉彥政 (1995) 水泥業東移對花蓮地區環境景觀影響成本之研究—條件評估法之應用,國立中興大學資源管理研究所碩士論文
    羅揚朝 (2005) 以合作賽局理論探討花蓮地區東砂西運業者之結盟策略,國立東華大學企業管理系碩士在職專班碩士論文
    《網頁》
    打造花蓮生態城網頁,[2006 7月] http://ecocity.ngo.org.tw/newfile/maintopic/cement/cement.htm
    行政院促進東部地區產業發展計畫網頁,[2006 8月] http://www.hlhg.gov.tw/hlhgw/indus/indus.htm
    財團人國家政策研究基金會國政評論,[2006 9月]                           http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/090/SD-C-090-079.htm
    打造花蓮生態城網頁,[2006 7月] http://ecocity.ngo.org.tw/newfile/maintopic/cement/cement.htm
    經濟部礦務局網頁,[2006 12月]                           http://www.mine.gov.tw/
    經濟部水利署網頁,[2006 12月]                            http://www.wra.gov.tw/
    內政部警政署全球資訊網,[2007 7月]
    http://www.npa.gov.tw/ 
    二、西文書目
    《Text book》
    Ahearn, M., Hellerstein, D. and Boyle, K.J. (2003) Designing a Contingent-Valuation Study Estimate the Benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program on Grassland Bird Populations, In the Contingent-Valuation Handbook, Edited by Kahn, J., Bjornstad, D. and Alberini, A., Cheltenham:Edward Elger
    Bateman, I.J. and Willis, K.G. (2001) Valuing Environmental Preferences : theory and practice of the contingent valuation in the US, EU, and developing countries, Oxford:Oxford University Press
    Champ, P., Boyle, K. and Brown, T.C. (2003) A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation, Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Clawson, M. (1959) Methods of Measuring the Demand for and Value of Outdoor Recreation, Washington, D.C.: Reprint in Resources for the Funture, Inc., 
    Committee on Assessing and Valuing the the Services of Aquatic and Related Terrestrial Ecosystems (2004) Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making, Washington, D.C.:The National Academies Press
    Desvousges W.H., Johnson F.R., Dunford R.W., Boyle K.J., Hudson S.P., Wilson N. (1993) Measuring natural resource damages with contingent valuation: tests of validity and reliability. In: Hausman J.A. editor. Contingent Valuation: A Critical Assessment, Amsterdam, 91-159
    Freeman, A.M., III (2003) The measurement of environmental and resource values-theory and method, Washington: Resources for the Future, 4
    Gilpin, A. (2000) Environmental economics-a critical overview, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 15-20
    Haab, T.C. and McConnell, K.E. (2003) Valuing environmental and natural resources-the econometrics of non-market valuation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publisher
    Hackett, S.C. (2001) Environmental and natural resources economics-theory policy, and the sustainable society, New York: M. E. Sharpe

    Hammack, J. and Brown, G.M. (1974) Waterfowl and Wetlands:Toward Bioeconomic Analysis, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University 
    Mitchell, R.C. and Carson, R.T. (1989) Using surveys to value public goods-the contingent valuation method, Washington: Resources for the Future
    Pearce, D.W. and Barbier, E.B. (2000) Blueprint for a sustainable economy, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 56-62
    Pearce, D.W. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of natural resources and the environment, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University
    Randall, A. and Stoll, J.  (1983) Existence value in a total valuation framework, in Robert D. Rowe and Lauraine G. Chestnut, edit., Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks and Wilderness Area, Colo.: Westview Press
    Tietenberg, Thomas H. (2001) Environmental economics & policy, Boston: Addison-Wesley
    Ward, K.L. and Duffield, J.W. (1992) Natural Resource Damages:Law and Economics, New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    《Journal》
    Ajzen, i., Brown, T.C. and Rosenthal, L.H. (1996) Information Bias in Contingent Valuation: Effects of Personal Relevance, Quality of Information, and Motivational Orientation, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 30(1):43-57
    Alberini, A. (1995) Optimal Designs for Discrete Choice Contingent Valuation Surveys: Single-Bound, Double-Bound, and Bivariate Models, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28:287-306
    Bergstrom, J.C., Stoll, J.R. and Randall, A. (1990) The Impact of Information of Environmental Commodity Valuation Decisions, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72(3):614-621
    Bishop, R.C., Heberlein, T.A. and Kealy, M.J. (1983) Contingent Valuation of Environmental Assets: A Comparison with a Simulated Market, Natural Resource Journal, 23:619-633
    Bishop, R.C. and Heberlein, T.A. (1979) Measuring Values of Extramarket Goods: Are Indirect Measures Biased? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61:926-930
    Bjorner, T.B. (2004) Combining Socio-Acousitic and Contingent Valuation Surveys to Value Noise Reduction, Transportation Research Part D, 9 :341-356
    Bohm, P. (1984) Revealing Demand for an Actual Public Good, Journal of Public Economics, 24:135-151

    Boyle, K.J., Desvousges, W.H., Johnson, F.R., Dunfor, R.W. and Hudson, S.P. (1994) An Investigation of Part-Whole Biases in Contingent-Valuation Studies, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(1):64-83
    Boyle, K.J. (1989) Commodity specification and the Framing of Contingent-Valuation Questions, Land Economics, 65(1):57-63
    Boyle, K.J., and Bishop R.C. (1987) Valuing Wildlife in Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Case Study Involving Endangered Species, Water Resources Research, 23:943-950
    Brookshire, D.S., Randall, A. and Stool J.R. (1980) Valuing Increments and Decrements in Natural Resource Service Flows, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62:478-488
    Champ, P.A., Bishop, R.C., Brow, T.C. and Mccollum, D.W. (1997) Using Donation Mechanisms to Value Nonuse Benefits from Public Goods, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 33(2):151-162
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    《Working papaer》
    Strand, J. and Taraldset, A. (1991) The Valuation of Environmental Goods in Norway: A Contingent Valuation Study with Multiple Bias Testing, Memorandum, Oslo University, Department of Economics.
    《Conference》
    Jin-Tan Liu, James K. Hammitt, Jin-Long Liu (1998) Comparison of open-and close-ended discrete choice contingent valuation methods: preservation of a Taiwanese wetland. Conference of East Asian Environmental and Resource Economics and Policy, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica Press
    Kai-Lih Chen (1998) Combination of ecological evaluatoin and economic valuation of wetlands in Taiwan. Conference of East Asian Environmental and Resource Economics and Policy, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica Press
     
    《Essay》
    Kapper T. (2000) The economic value of landscape aesthetics: Integrating Contingent Valuation and Aesthetic Assessment in a Wisconsin Highway Project, Ph. D. Thesis, Wisconsin-Madison University
    Davis, R.K. (1963) The Value fo Outdoor Recreation: An Economic Study of the Woods, Ph. D. Thesis, Harvard University
    《Web Site》
    Environmental Valuation & Cost-Benefit New
    http://www.envirovaluation.org/
    Social and Economic Values in Natural Resource Planning
    http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/value/index.html
    University of East Anglia 
    http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/all/teaching/envecon/intro.htm

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