在賈斯汀·庫澤爾 2015 年改編自威廉·莎士比亞的《馬克白的悲劇》中，馬克白這個角色被描繪成因戰爭經歷而患有創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD) 的受害者。這部電影提供了一種新穎的視角，超越了關注命運或個人缺陷的傳統解釋，使馬克白的個人代理概念變得複雜。本文認為，庫澤爾的描繪，透過將焦點從個人的罪責或命運轉移到塑造馬克白的心理以及他的行為的更廣泛的社會因素，這部電影含蓄地批評了透過戰爭和對尚武美德的頌揚來維持自身的階級結構。這種改編將主題焦點從王權的神聖性和等級價值轉移到更平等的觀點，承認人類共有的暴力代價，質疑武士社會固有的對軍事實力的頌揚。此外，庫澤爾的解釋強調了創傷不僅會破壞個人心理的穩定，還會破壞依賴暴力來維持的社會結構的穩定性。透過將創傷定位為馬克白垮台的核心原因，本文有助於對心理困擾與社會秩序之間的相互作用進行更廣泛的討論，強調了使暴行永久化的制度的自我毀滅本質。最終，庫澤爾的改編引發了人們透過當代心理學見解重新評估莎士比亞的作品，揭示了創傷對個人和社會層面的深遠影響。

In Justin Kurzel's 2015 adaptation of William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is presented as a victim of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by his experiences at war. The film offers a novel perspective that transcends traditional interpretations focused on fate or personal flaw, complicating the notion of Macbeth’s individual agency. This thesis argues that Kurzel's portrayal, by shifting the focus from individual culpability or destiny to the broader societal factors that shape Macbeth’s psychology and, thus, his behaviour, the film implicitly critiques the hierarchical structures that sustain themselves through wars and the glorification of martial virtues. This adaptation shifts the thematic focus from the sanctity of kingship and hierarchical values to a more egalitarian view that recognizes the shared human cost of violence, questioning the glorification of martial prowess inherent in a warrior society. Furthermore, Kurzel's interpretation highlights how trauma destabilizes not only individual psyches but also societal structures that rely on violence for preservation. By positioning trauma as the central cause of Macbeth’s downfall, this thesis contributes to a broader discourse on the interplay between psychological distress and societal order, underscoring the self-destructive nature of systems that perpetuate brutality. Ultimately, Kurzel's adaptation invites a reevaluation of Shakespeare’s work through contemporary psychological insights, revealing the profound implications of trauma on both personal and societal levels.

Alexander, Jeffrey C. “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.” Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander et al., University of California Press, 2004, pp. 1–30.
Aristotle. Aristotle’s Poetics. Translated by George Whalley, edited by John Baxter and Patrick Atherton, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997.
Berlin, Normand. “‘Macbeth’: Polanski and Shakespeare.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 4, 1973, pp. 290–98. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43795442.
Bernard-Donals, Michael F., and Richard R. Glejzer. Between Witness and Testimony : The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. State University of New York Press, 2001.
Bernard-Donals, Michael, and Richard Glejzer. “Between Witness and Testimony: Survivor Narratives and the Shoah.” College Literature, vol. 27, no. 2, 2000, pp. 1–20. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25112512.
Booth, Wayne C. “Macbeth as Tragic Hero.” The Journal of General Education, vol. 6, no. 1, 1951, pp. 17–25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27795368.
Boswell-Stone, W.G. Shakespeare’s Holinshed: The Chronicle and the Historical Plays Compared. Longmans, Green, and Co., 1896.
Bradley, Andrew C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. Project Gutenberg, 2005.
Bray, Gerald, editor. The Books of Homilies: A Critical Edition. 1st ed., The Lutterworth Press, 2015. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1hfr2n0. Accessed 4 Jan. 2025.
Brewin, Chris R., et al. "Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life After Criterion A." Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 22, no. 5, 2009, pp. 366–73. Crossref, doi:10.1002/jts.20443.
Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes : Slaves of Passion. Methuen, 1961.
Caruth, Cathy. Trauma : Explorations in Memory. Edited by Cathy Caruth. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
—. “Introduction.” American Imago, vol. 48, no. 4, 1991, pp. 417–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26303921.
—. “Unclaimed Experience: Trauma and the Possibility of History.” Yale French Studies, no. 79, 1991, pp. 181–92. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2930251.
“Characters by Part Sizes.” ShakespearesWords.Com, www.shakespeareswords.com/Public/Characters.aspx. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Chandler, Simon B. “Shakespeare and sleep.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 29, no. 3, 1955, pp. 255–60. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44443931. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Coursen, Herbert R. “‘Macbeth’: Polanski’s Disastrous Version.” Shakespeare on Film Newsletter, vol. 3, no. 1, 1978, pp. 2–5. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44711539.
Crowl, Samuel. “Chain Reaction: A Study of Roman Polanski’s ‘Macbeth.’” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 59, no. 2, 1976, pp. 226–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41177993.
Deats, Sara M. “Polanski’s Macbeth: a Contemporary Tragedy.” Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 9, no. 1, 1986, pp. 84–93. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23412902.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder. American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
Doenges, Nicholas. “A Levinasian Meditation on Shakespeare’s Macbeth.” Levinas Studies, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 167–88. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26942895. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Dorahy, Martin J., et al. "Complex Trauma and Intimate Relationships: The Impact of Shame, Guilt and Dissociation." Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 147, no. 1-3, 2013, pp. 72-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.010.
Draper, John W. “Macbeth, ‘Infirme of Purpose.’” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 10, no. 1, 1941, pp. 16–26. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44440637.
Elm, Michael, et al. The Horrors of Trauma in Cinema: Violence Void Visualization. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. researchgate.net, www.researchgate.net/publication/299503563_The_Horrors_of_Trauma_in_Cinema_Violence_Void_Visualization.
Entertainment Tonight. “Exclusive: How Michael Fassbender Turned Macbeth into a ‘Product of War.’” YouTube, 3 Mar. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0vPJmc70sw. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Favila, Marina. “‘Mortal Thoughts’ and Magical Thinking in ‘Macbeth.’” Modern Philology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–25. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/439153.
Film4. “Michael Fassbender and Justin Kurzel on Macbeth | Film4 Interview.” YouTube, 28 Sept. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SF8H0bQgZ00. Accessed 19 Aug. 2024.
Film and TV Now. “Michael Fassbender and Justin Kurzel On-Set Macbeth Interview.” YouTube, 30 Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lEmZVEDg5w. Accessed 19 Aug. 2024.
Firkins, Oscar W. “The Character of Macbeth.” The Sewanee Review, vol. 18, no. 4, 1910, pp. 414–30. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27532402.
FlickFeast. “Exclusive interview with Macbeth director Justin Kurzel.” YouTube, 3 Feb. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bo-TcV0UbUA. Accessed 19 Aug. 2024.
Forker, Charles R. “Symbolic and Thematic Impoverishment in Polanski’s ‘Macbeth.’” Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England, vol. 25, 2012, pp. 191–219. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24322478.
Greenblatt, Stephen. Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.
—. . Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. W.W. Norton & Company, 2004.
Grossvogel, David I. “When the Stain Won’t Wash: Polanski’s Macbeth.” Diacritics, vol. 2, no. 2, 1972, pp. 46–51. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/464670.
Harper Rogers, Wendy. “Polanski vs. Welles on ‘Macbeth’ Character or Fate?” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, 1986, pp. 203–10. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43797525.
Hegel, Georg W. F. Aesthetics. Translated by T.M. Knox, Oxford University Press, 1975.
Herman, Judith L. Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books, 1997.
—. “Recovery from Psychological Trauma.” Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 52.S1 (1998): S98–S103. Web. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5S145.x
Holderness, Graham. “Are Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes ‘Fatally Flawed’? Discuss.” Critical Survey, vol. 1, no. 1, 1989, pp. 53–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41556463.
James I, King of England. “The state of the monarchy is the supremest thing upon the earth”. Speech to the English Parliament, 21 Mar. 1609. London. Speech. https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/eurjam1.html
—. Tvvo Meditations of the Kings Maiestie [Electronic Resource] : The One in the Yeere of Our Lord God 1618. The Other in the Yeere 1619. By Robert Barker, and Iohn Bill, printers to the Kings most excellent Maiestie, 1620.
Joe Macbeth. Directed by Ken Hughes, Columbia Distribution, 1955.
Jones, Laura K., and Jenny L. Cureton. “Trauma Redefined in the DSM-5: Rationale and Implications for Counseling Practice.” The Professional Counselor, National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates (NBCC), 14 July 2022, tpcjournal.nbcc.org/trauma-redefined-in-the-dsm-5-rationale-and-implications-for-counseling-practice.
Jorgens, Jack J. “Kurosawa’s ‘Throne of Blood’: Washizu and Miki Meet the Forest Spirit.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 3, 1983, pp. 167–73. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43797316.
Kegan, Paul. “Macbeth.” Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, edited by Geoffrey Bullough, vol. 7, Major Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Routledge, 1973, pp. 423–537.
Killgore, William D.S., et al. “Post-combat invincibility: Violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 42, no. 13, 2008, pp. 1112 - 1121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.001.
Leys, Ruth. Trauma : A Genealogy. University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Louiso, Todd, et al. “Macbeth”. Daily Script, www.dailyscript.com/scripts/MACBETH_SCRIPT_wCover_R31.pdf. Screenplay.
Macbeth. Directed by Bela Tarr, Magyar Televízió, 1982.
Macbeth. Directed by Justin Kurzel, StudioCanal, 2015. Apple TV, https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/macbeth/umc.cmc.6ysqrlyf30jb5q3f7yuj5tgww.
“Macbeth.” IMDb, IMDb.com, www.imdb.com/title/tt0040558/alternateversions/ Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Marker, Jeff W. “Orson Welles’s ‘Macbeth’: Allegory of Anticommunism.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 2, 2013, pp. 116–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43798941.
Maqbool. Directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, Bobbi Bedi, 2004.
Maseda, Rebeca, and Dulin, L. Patrick. “From Weaklings to Wounded Warriors: The Changing Portrayal of War-related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in American Cinema” 49th Parallel, vol 30, 2012, https://49thparalleljournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/3-masedadulin-from-weaklings.pdf.
Mavani, Deepa, et al. “Invincibility Beliefs And Real-Life Risk-Taking In Trauma-Exposed Male Post-9/11-Era Veterans.” New England Psychological. Worcester, 2016.
McCloskey, Susan. “Shakespeare, Orson Welles, And the ‘Voodoo’ Macbeth.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 4, 1985, pp. 406–16. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2870304.
Mcdonald, Keiko I. “Noh into film: Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood.” Journal of Film and Video, vol. 39, no. 1, 1987, pp. 36–41. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20687756.
McKinnon, Aimee et al. “Abstract thinking as a risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in student paramedics.” Journal of traumatic stress vol. 35,2 (2022): 375-385. doi:10.1002/jts.22749
Men of Respect. Directed by William C. Reilly, Columbia Distribution, 1990.
Mitchell, Paul. “The Horror of Loss: Reading Jennifer Kent’s The Babadook as a Trauma Narrative.” Atlantis, vol. 41, no. 2, 2019, pp. 179–96. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26867636.
Mullin, Michael. “‘Macbeth’ on Film.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 4, 1973, pp. 332–42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43795447.
National Institute of Mental Health. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. 13 06 2018. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd. 10 April 2024.
O’connor, John S. “But Was It ‘Shakespeare?’: Welles’s ‘Macbeth’ and ‘Julius Caesar.’” Theatre Journal, vol. 32, no. 3, 1980, pp. 337–48. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3206889
Padelford, Frederick M. “Macbeth the Thane and Macbeth the Regicide.” Modern Language Notes, vol. 16, no. 4, 1901, pp. 112–19. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2917901.
Reid, B. L. “‘Macbeth’ and the Play of Absolutes.” The Sewanee Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1965, pp. 19–46. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27541080.
Richie, Donald, and Joan Mellen. The Films of Akira Kurosawa. University of California Press, 1984.
Robinson, Randal. “Duncan’s arrival in Polanski’s ‘Macbeth.’” Shakespeare on Film Newsletter, vol. 15, no. 2, 1991, pp. 4–12. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44711847.
—. “Reversals in Polanski’s ‘Macbeth.’” Shakespeare on Film Newsletter, vol. 15, no. 1, 1990, pp. 2–9. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44711822.
Rothwell, Kenneth S. “Roman Polanski’s ‘Macbeth’: Golgotha Triumphant.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 1, 1973, pp. 71–75. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43795612.
—. “Roman Polanski’s ‘Macbeth’: The ‘Privileging’ of Ross.” CEA Critic, vol. 46, no. 1/2, 1983, pp. 50–55. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44376926.
ScreenSlam. “Macbeth: Michael Fassbender Official Movie Interview | ScreenSlam.” YouTube, 26 Nov. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uyRX7EpkoE. Accessed 19 Aug. 2024.
Self, Will. “A Posthumous Shock: Trauma Studies, Modernity, and How Everything Became Trauma.” Harper’s Magazine, Dec. 2021, harpers.org/archive/2021/12/a-posthumous-shock-trauma-studies-modernity-how-everything-became-trauma/.
Shaw, William P. “Violence and Vision in Polanski’s ‘Macbeth’ and Brook’s ‘Lear.’” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, 1986, pp. 211–13. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43797526.
Silverstein, Norman. “The Opening Shot of Roman Polanski’s ‘Macbeth.’” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 1, 1974, pp. 88–90. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43795470.
Smith, Amanda J. “Defining Welles’s ‘Macbeth’: Hollywood horror and the hybrid mode.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 2, 2011, pp. 151–59. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43798783.
Stockholder, Kay. “‘Macbeth’: A Dream of Love.” American Imago, vol. 44, no. 2, 1987, pp. 85–105. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26304066.
Suzuki, Erin. “Lost in Translation: Reconsidering Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ and Kurosawa’s ‘Throne of Blood.’” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, 2006, pp. 93–103. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43797264.
Throne of Blood [Kumonosu-Jo]. Directed by Akira Kurosawa, Toho-ho Ltd., 1957.
Van der Kolk, B. “Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma.” Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, vol. 2.1, 2000, pp-7-22. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk
Weber, Max. The Sociology of Religion. Translated by Ephraim Fischoff, Beacon Press, 1968.
Willbern, David. “Phantasmagoric ‘Macbeth.’” English Literary Renaissance, vol. 16, no. 3, 1986, pp. 520–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43447200.
Zambrano, Ana L. “‘Throne of Blood’: Kurosawa’s ‘Macbeth.’” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 3, 1974, pp. 262–74. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43795658.
Zitner, Sheldon P. “Macbeth and the Moral scale of Tragedy.” The Journal of General Education, vol. 16, no. 1, 1964, pp. 20–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27795907. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.