寫實主義與自然主義主導了十九世紀和二十世紀初的西方文學發展。而湯馬斯‧哈代及司爾朵爾‧德萊薩，兩位作家的作品反映了這樣的文學潮流。一般而言，評論家皆認為寫實主義和自然主義於創作技巧有其相似之處，更同意兩者之差異來自於對相同主題的不同處理方式。論文中所探討的兩本小說《黛絲姑娘》與《嘉莉妹妹》皆同時敘述兩位少女的經歷和冒險故事。哈代被公認為英國文學史上最偉大的小說家之一。其作品承襲了維多利亞時期的創作技巧，然而在題材處理上確有其創新之處。《黛絲姑娘》便是描寫當時社會傳統和人類愛情所產生的衝突。而在美國文學史上，德萊薩有自然主義之先鋒的美譽。尤其《嘉莉妹妹》因顛覆了當時溫和含蓄的文學創作傳統，在此文學運動中被視為代表之作。
本論文根據寫實主意及自然主義兩種文學潮流的相同和相異點來探討兩本作品因受不同文學運動的影響而產生的相同點及相異點。其中第一章為本論文之概要。第二章則介紹兩本作品在寫作技巧方面的相似之處。接下來的第三章和第四章分別探討兩位作者在其作品中對於進化論的不同詮釋。最後，第五章前半部份則比較了兩本作品中相同議題的不同處理方式。例如：愛情，社會，人類，自然，以及命定論。這些相異點解釋了兩種文學運動對作者和作品的不同影響。而第五章後半部則為此論文的總結。

Realism and naturalism dominate the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries literature, and the works of Thomas Hardy (1840~1928) and Theodore Dreiser (1871~1945) reflect these trends. In general, critics agree about the similarities in technique that realism and naturalism share while also agreeing that realism and naturalism are significantly different from each other. Interestingly, Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Dreiser’s Sister Carrie both focus on the heroines’ experience and adventure, and both works are subjects of controversy.
Hardy is considered one of the greatest novelists in English literature. His work resembles that of earlier Victorian novelists in technique, while in subject matter it daringly violated literary traditions of the age. Basically, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a powerful exploration of the conflict between Victorian social convention and the forces of human love and sexuality. On the other hand, Dreiser is admired as one of the principal American exponents of literary Naturalism. In his novels, Dreiser sought to present a detailed and realistic portrait of contemporary American life. Sister Carrie was unique in American fiction because it departed sharply from the gentility and timidity that characterized much realistic fiction during the nineteenth century.
This thesis intends to explore the similarities and differences between these two novels in terms of characteristics of realism and naturalism. We can see both authors share something similar in technique while at the same time they view such issues as love, society, man, nature, determinism, and evolutionary conception with different viewpoints. Therefore, we can recognize their similarities, but must distinguish significant differences. Finally, this thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter I is the introduction of the following chapter II, III, IV, and the first half part of Chapter V. Chapter II discusses the similarities in technique between these two novels. In Chapter III and Chapter IV, I focus on Hardy’s and Dreiser’s different evolutionary viewpoints that are explored in these two novels. The first half of Chapter V discusses the differences emerging from the same issues in both novels, and the other half is the conclusion to wrap this thesis up.

Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. 2
Vols. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.
Albert, Edward, ed. History of English Literature. London: Harrap & Co,
Ltd, 1923.
Bell, Michael davit. The Problem of American Realism: Studies in the
Cultural History of a Literary Idea. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1993.
Brown, Douglas. “A Novel of Character and Environment.” Thomas
Hardy: The Tragic Novels. Ed. R. P. Draper. London: Macmillan,
1975.
Butler, Lance St John. Thomas Hardy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1978.
Daleski, H. M. Thomas Hardy and Paradoxes of Love. Columbia:
Missouri UP, 1997.
Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. Ed. Lee Clark Mitchell. Oxford:
Oxford UP, 1991.
---. Sister Carrie. Ed. Donald Pizer. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company, 1970.
Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds. Realism and Consensus in the English Novel.
Princeton: Princeton UP, 1983.
Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind.
London: Macmillan, 1993.
Gerber, Philip. Theodore Dreiser Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1992.
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Ed. Scott Elledge. 2nd ed.
New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979.
Howard, June. Form and History in American Literary Naturalism. New
York: North Carolina UP, 1985.
Hugman, Bruce. Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles. London: Edward
Arnold Ltd, 1970.
Hussman, Lawrence E. Dreiser and His Fiction: A Twentieth-Century
Quest. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1983.
Kettle, Arnold. An Introduction to the English Novel. London:
Hutchinson & Co, Ltd, 1976.
King, Jeannette. Tragedy in the Victorian Novel: Theory and Practice in
the Novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Henry James.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1978.
Kramer, Dale. Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Cambridge:
Cambridge UP, 1991.
---, ed. Critical Essays on Thomas Hardy: The Novels. Boston: G. K.
Hall & Co, 1990.
---, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. Cambridge:
Cambridge UP, 1999.
Langland, Elizabeth. Society in the Novel. New York: North
Carolina UP, 1984.
Leary, Lewis, ed. Criticism: Some Major American Writers. New York:
Holt, 1971.
Lehan, Richard. Theodore Dreiser: His World and His Novels. New York:
Southern Illinois UP, 1969.
Mcmurtry, Jo. Victorian Life and Victorian Fiction. Connecticut:
Hamden, 1979.
Michaels, Walter Benn. The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism:
American Literature at the Turn of the Century. California:
California UP, 1987.
Milligan, Ian. The Novel in English: An Introduction. London:
Macmillan Press Ltd, 1983.
Myers, Walter L. The Later Realism: A Study of Characterization in the
British Novel. New York: Plainview, 1973.
Pizer, Donald, ed. Critical Essays on Theodore Dreiser. Boston: G. K.
Hall & Co, 1981.
---, ed. New Essays on Sister Carrie. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.
---, ed. The Theory and Practice of American Literary Naturalism:
Selected Essays and Reviews. New York: Southern Illinois UP,
1993.
---. Twentieth-Century American Literary Naturalism: An Interpretation.
New York: Southern Illinois UP, 1982.
Schneider, Robert W. Five Novelists of the Progressive Era. Columbia:
Columbia UP, 1978.
Sloane, David E. E. Sister Carrie: Theodore Dreiser’s Sociological
Tragedy. New York: Twayne, 1992.
Widdowson, Peter, ed. Tess of the D’Urbervilles. London: Macmillan,
1993.
Williams, Merryn, ed. A Preface to Hardy. 2nd ed. London: Longman,
1993.
Zanine, Louis J. Mechanism and Mysticism: The Influence of Science on
the Thought and Work of Theodore Dreiser. Philadelphia:
Pennsylvania UP, 1993.