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研究生：	翁韻雅 Weng, Yun-Ya
論文名稱：	以高分子凝集劑處理高濁度原水之研究 The treatment of high-turbidity water with polymers
指導教授：	葉宣顯 Yeh, Hsuan-Hsien
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2003
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	102
中文關鍵詞：	高分子凝集劑、加藥順序、高濁度原水
外文關鍵詞：	coagulation, high-turbidity water, polymer
相關次數：	點閱：264 下載：8
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查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

台灣地區因具高山陡峻、河川短促之地理特性，河川流速湍急，河岸沖刷嚴重，且洪、枯水量差異大；加以水土保持不完善，部份集水區地質鬆軟，近年來，每遇颱風季節帶來暴雨時，洪水夾帶大量泥砂進入河川，導致以表面水為水源之淨水場原水濁度急遽上昇，常令淨水廠操作人員措手不及，被迫關廠停水，招致民怨。
高分子凝集劑（polymers）有助於膠體顆粒之快速凝集與沉降，提高濁度去除率。唯部分高分子凝集劑之單體具毒性，依我國環保署目前之規定，當原水濁度大於250NTU時方得使用，且各類高分子凝集劑有其最大加藥量之限制。本研究旨在探討將高分子凝集劑添加於高濁度原水中，以加速顆粒凝集效果之可行性，並找出高分子凝集劑之選用準則以及其與多元氯化鋁 (PAC) 間之調適，以提昇國內傳統混凝程序對高濁度原水之處理能量。
研究之初，先蒐集符合我國環保署成分規定之高分子凝集劑十餘種，經由膠體滴定等方法，確定其基本性質。然後以人工原水進行混凝試驗，繼之以實廠高濁度原水之驗證。
研究結果顯示，單獨以PAC為混凝劑，雖可有效降低高濁度原水混凝後的殘留濁度，但所需劑量極高，連帶產生大量污泥。若直接以陽離子型polymer為主凝劑，則上澄液濁度稍高 (約10 NTU)，但可大幅降低污泥量；而以陰離子型polymer直接做為主凝劑則濁度去除效果不佳。
至於以PAC為主凝劑，polymer為助凝劑進行混凝，可大幅降低PAC之添加量及沉澱污泥量，同時增進膠羽之沉降速度。其中，高分子量之陰離子型polymer之最佳加藥量低於陽離子polymer，且前者所生成之膠羽粒徑較大，沉降速度較高。但以上澄液之殘留濁度而言，則陽離子型polymer之效果優於陰離子型及非離子型polymers。此外，陰離子型polymer做為助凝劑時受加藥順序之影響較大，以polymer先加，隨後再加PAC之效果較佳，陽離子型及非離子型polymer受加藥順序影響較小。而PAC與polymer配比的部分，當PAC劑量較高時，polymer之助凝效果較不明顯，或甚至有過量加藥而使混凝效果惡化之虞。
就混凝機制而言，陽離子型polymer之主要作用機制應是以電性中和為主，而陰離子型polymer則以吸附及架橋為主要之作用機制。而當濁度提高時，架橋作用所扮演之角色亦相對較重要。
總之，以高分子凝集劑為助凝劑，將有助於提昇高濁度原水之混凝效果，但因原水水質可能因地因時而異，故高分子凝集劑在選用時，以實際原水進行瓶杯試驗仍是必要的。再者國內部分淨水廠原水高濁度期間，常碰到之困難為污泥處理設施 (如濃縮槽) 容積不足。故後續之研究可考量添加助凝劑於濃縮槽，或將濾床反沖洗水與沉澱污泥分開處理。

In Taiwan, the water works sometimes encounter very high turbidity raw water during typhoon season. This may force the water works to reduce their output or even closedown completely. Therefore, how to increase the efficiency of coagulation process for high turbidity water is an important topic for Taiwan water industry. This research is to study the efficacy of using polymers as coagulants or coagulant-aids for high turbidity water within the regulation imposed by the government. Furthermore, how those parameters, related to the polymers, such as type of charge, charge density, and molecular weight, affect their function were also studied.
Various techniques, namely conventional jar test, measurement of zeta potential and colloid titration, were employed to select polymer and polymer dosages for high-turbid water. Surrogate for turbid waters from the field was the suspensions made by adding sludge from Nan-hua reservoir to the lab tap water. A series of different polymers were collected. The effect of mixing intensity, as measured by the mean velocity gradient G, were carefully controlled in all experiments. In addition to residual turbidity in the supernatant, the zeta potential of the floc formed and the volume of sludge were also monitored.
The results show that when PAC was used as the sole coagulant, supernatant with low turbidity can be achieved, however, only at very high dosage. And, therefore, also generate high volume of sludge. When cationic polymers were substituted for PAC as sole coagulant, the residual turbidity of the supernatant was a little bit higher than that from PAC. However, the sludge volume dropped significantly. However, when nonionic or anionic polymers were used as sole coagulant, the coagulation results were less than desirable.
When polymer was used as coagulant aid to PAC, the dosage of the latter could be reduced significantly, and therefore also the sludge volume generated. Adding polymer also increased the settling velocity of the floc. Further, the optimum dosages of high MW anionic polymers were lower than those of cationic polymers, and the floc from the former had larger size distribution and higher settling velocity than those from the latter. However, the residual turbidity of the supernatant from cationic polymers was always lower than that from anionic or nonionic polymers. Furthermore, when anionic polymers was used as coagulant aid to PAC, the chemicals dosing sequence was more important than when cationic or nonionic polymers were used. For the former, better coagulation performance was observed when polymers were added before PAC. As far as coagulation mechanisms were concerned, the proposed major colloid destabilization mechanisms for cationic and anionic polymers were charge neutralization and bridging, respectively.
Based on the results from this study, polymers, as coagulant-aid, are found to be helpful to the treatment of high turbidity raw waters, and some general guidelines were proposed for the selection of polymers. However, due to the variation with time and location of the source water quality, when polymers are to be used in the field, some kinds of lab testing, such as jar tests, are recommended.

摘要..................................................... Ⅰ
Abstract.................................................. Ⅲ
誌謝......................................................Ⅴ
目錄......................................................Ⅶ
表目錄....................................................XI
圖目錄................................................... XIII
第一章前言..............................................1
1-1 研究緣起................................................1
1-2 研究目的................................................4
第二章文獻回顧...........................................5
2-1 水中之濁度及其對水廠之影響..............................5
2-1-1 濁度之來源及性質.....................................5
2-1-2 高濁度原水對水廠之影響..............................7
2-2 混凝(Coagulation) ...................................... 11
2-2-1 混凝理論.......................................... 11
2-2-2 影響混凝作用之因素.................................12
2-3 多元氯化鋁(Polyaluminum chloride，PAC)....................15
2-4 高分子凝集劑..........................................18
2-4-1 高分子凝集劑的種類..................................19
2-4-2 凝集機制..........................................19
2-4-3 高分子凝集劑在水處理之應用..........................24
2-4-4 各國高分子凝集劑使用規定............................28
2-5 電荷密度滴定(Colloid Titration).............................29
2-6 混凝效果評估方法.......................................31
第三章實驗材料及方法...................................33
3-1 實驗流程規劃..........................................33
3-2 試驗原水之配製........................................33
3-2-1 現場勘查及採樣....................................33
3-2-2 人工原水..........................................35
3-3 瓶杯試驗..............................................37
3-3-1 混凝劑及高分子凝集劑之配製..........................37
3-3-2 瓶杯試驗..........................................37
3-3-3 加藥順序..........................................39
3-4 水質分析方法..........................................39
3-4-1 導電度(Conductivity).................................39
3-4-2 pH 值..............................................39
3-4-3 鹼度(Alkalinity)....................................41
3-4-4 濁度(Turbidity).....................................41
3-4-5 UV254 吸光值......................................42
3-4-6 非揮發性溶解性有機碳
(Non-Purgable Dissolved Organic Carbon, NPDOC) .........42
3-4-7 界達電位..........................................43
3-4-8 沉澱污泥量.........................................45
3-4-9 膠羽沉降性.........................................46
3-5 電荷密度滴定法(Colloid Titration Method) ....................46
第四章結果與討論.......................................49
4-1 高分子凝集劑電荷密度測定結果............................49
4-2 人工原水水質..........................................52
4-3 單獨以polymer 作為混凝劑之混凝效果......................52
4-4 僅以PAC 為混凝劑之混凝效果.............................56
4-5 polymer 搭配PAC 作為助凝劑之混凝效果....................59
4-5-1 高分子凝集劑之篩選.................................59
4-5-1-1 陽離子型polymer ................................59
4-5-1-2 陰離子型及非離子型polymer......................60
4-5-2 加藥順序之影響....................................60
4-6 各種加藥方法之比較.....................................66
4-6-1 膠羽形成速度及外觀.................................66
4-6-2 沉澱污泥量........................................67
4-6-3 膠羽沉降速度.......................................71
4-7 混凝機制之探討........................................73
4-8 實廠原水試驗結果.......................................75
4-8-1 板新淨水廠原水水質及混凝試驗........................75
4-8-2 坪頂淨水廠高濁度原水之混凝試驗......................79
4-8-2-1 坪頂原水水質及混凝試驗之濁度去除效果............79
4-8-2-2 坪頂原水混凝試驗之沉澱污泥量.....................87
第五章結論與建議.......................................95
5-1 結論...................................................95
5-2 建議...................................................96
參考文獻................................................97
                                    

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