本研究針對TD地區周界環境進行大氣及榕樹葉片中PCDD/Fs之檢測，期望能建立起PCDD/Fs在大氣濃度與榕樹葉片含量中彼此相互影響之關係，亦提供關於大氣中PCDD/Fs進入榕樹葉片的可能途徑，進而建立起榕樹葉片可能吸收或吸附戴奧辛/呋喃之含量、總降解係數與半衰期。所得結論歸納如下： 1.TD地區周界大氣中PCDD/Fs濃度為介於0.129 ~ 1.115 pg/Nm3之間，平均為0.493 pg/Nm3；總I-TEQ則介於0.009 ~ 0.103 I-TEQ-pg/Nm3之間，平均為0.033 I-TEQ-pg/Nm3。 2.TD地區大氣中PCDD/Fs之氣固相分佈，利用公式Kp=（F/TSP）/A；LogKp=mp×log PL°+bp估算而得。十七種PCDD/Fs一年四季之固相分佈百分比介於48.9％（2,3,7,8-TCDF）～96.9％（OCDD）之間。 3.大氣中PCDD/Fs之粒徑分佈，以榕樹葉片氣孔允許進入之平均最大孔徑3.2μm，平均佔大氣中粒狀相總PCDD/Fs之92.4％。 4.TD地區榕樹葉片中PCDD/Fs含量為介於2.72 ~ 49.9 pg/g之間，平均為12.7 pg/g；總I-TEQ則介於0.178 ~ 1.86I-TEQ-pg/g之間，平均為0.467I-TEQ-pg/g；葉片表面PCDD/Fs含量為介於0.0747 ~ 0.2987 pg/g之間，平均為0.1517 pg/g；總I-TEQ則介於0.0021 ~ 0.0084I-TEQ-pg/g之間，平均為0.0062I-TEQ-pg/g。 5.TD地區榕樹葉片中與葉片表面吸附之PCDD/Fs含量平均百分比分別為99.07％與0.93％。因此附著於榕樹葉片表面藉由清洗可去除之PCDD/Fs者，僅佔非常微小部分。 6.過去文獻討論大氣中PCDD/Fs進入植物體中的路徑多為氣相收。而以本研究結果顯示，除了氣相傳輸的路徑之外，懸浮微粒所含PCDD/Fs中，從氣孔進入至葉片當中而被吸收或吸附所佔之含量亦不容忽視。本研究顯示以懸浮微粒型態進入榕樹葉片PCDD/Fs平均約佔86.4％，而由氣相進入者僅佔13.6％，明顯與國外文獻所指出PCDD/Fs進入葉片係以氣相傳輸為主之機制不同。 7.關於榕樹葉片對PCDD/Fs降解常數（光降解與榕樹葉片酵素降解常數之和），我們利用似一階之降解動力式求解：Cr= Cee-ktott；總PCDDs之ktot為0.0390 day-1、總PCDFs之ktot為0.0603 day-1、總PCDD/Fs之ktot為0.0499 day-1。十七種PCDD/Fs物種之ktot以OCDD之0.0363day-1最小，而以1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF之0.0693day-1最大。 8.PCDD/Fs在榕樹葉片中之半衰期。以PCDDs而言，各物種的半衰期平均為426小時，從1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD之半衰期為327小時最短，而OCDD之半衰期為458小時；依PCDFs而言，各物種之半衰期平均為276小時，以1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF之半衰期240小時最短，1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF之半衰期297小時最長。

This study investigates the characteristics of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in leaves of the Ficus species in rural areas, Taiwan. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the transfer of atmospheric compounds into leaves. Additionally, a model to estimate the leaf content is developed and its results compared with the actual leaf content in Ficus species. Furthemore, the total degradation coefficient and half-life of PCDD/Fs in Ficus is estimated. The following conclusions are drawn. 1. The PCDD/Fs concentration in the atmosphere are between 0.129～1.115 pg/Nm3, the average is 0.493pg/ Nm3.The PCDD/Fs concentrations in the atmosphere in the TD area is from 0.009 to 0.103 I-TEQ-pg/Nm3 with a nean value of 0.033 I-TEQ-pg/ Nm3. 2. The percentage of particle-bound of PCDD/Fs range from 48.9％（2,3,7,8-TCDF） to 96.9％（OCDD）. 3.The maximum pore diameter that allowed suspension particle entering in the leaves of Ficus species is 3.2 μm and the particle-bound of PCDD/Fs with aerodynamic diameter（dae）＜3.2 μm is 92.4％. 4.The PCDD/Fs leaf content in Ficus Species of TD area is form 0.178～1.861 I-TEQ-pg/g（mean=0.467 I-TEQ-pg/g）. The PCDD/Fs content , adsorbed on the leaves’ surfaces, is from 0.0021 to 0.0084I-TEQ-g/g (mean = 0.0062 pg-I-TEQ/g). 5.The average percentage of PCDD/Fs content absorded in and adsorbed on the surfaces of the leaves of Ficus are 99.07％ and 0.93％,respectively. 6. The result of this study revealed that the primary pathway for PCDD/Fs entering the leaves was by particle phase absorption (86.4%). This result is different from the report by previous study that the gas phase PCDD/Fs was the main pathway entering the leaves. 7. The degradation coefficient ktot（including the photolysis and the biodegradation coefficient）of total PCDDs was determined as 0.0390 day-1 by using pseudo first kinetics：Cr=Cee-ktott, while that of total PCDFs was 0.0603 day-1 and the degradation coefficient of total PCDD/Fs was 0.0499 day-1, respectively. 8.The degradtion half-life of PCDD/Fs, estimated the pseudo first-order rate constant kp for photolysis and kb for biodegradation, were as follows . The half-life time of PCDDs in Ficus leaves is from 327 hours （1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD） to 458 hours （OCDD）and the average is 426 hours. The half-life time of PCDFs in Ficus leaves is from 240 hours（1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF） to 297 hours（1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF）and the mean half-life of seventeen PCDD/F congeners was 276 hours.

國內文獻
潘復華、鍾仁棋。焚化廠樣品中戴奧辛分析技術之探討。環境檢驗所環境調查年報5:269-298, 1997.
彭瑞華、翁英明。環境基質中戴奧辛類化合物分析靈敏度與選擇性探討－高解析質譜與低解析質之分析比較。環境檢驗所環境調查年報5:235-268, 1997.
李俊賢、詹長權、王榮德，從戴奧辛毒性談台灣醫療事業廢棄物焚化處理，中華衛誌，Vol.18， pp.237-240，1999。
陳英姿，國內焚化爐戴奧辛致癌風險高，聯合新聞網，1999。
陳建民、李孫榮，戴奧辛、環境與人類，工業污染防制，第57期，1996。
廖明珠，醫療廢棄物焚化爐排放多環芳香烴化合物之研究，國立成功大學環境工程學系碩士論文，1997。
夏禹九、唐凱軍、顏江河、鍾旭和，濕潤情況下兩種天然闊葉樹之氣孔傳導度對環境因子的反應，林葉試驗所試驗報告，1984。
楊錫賢，大氣環境中多環芳香烴化合物與金屬元素之特徵，國立成功大學環境工程學系博士論文，1997。
王琳麒、李文智、張簡國平; 生化柴油對柴油車排放廢氣中PAHs與PCDD/PCDFs之影響., 第十八屆空氣污染控制技術研討會, 2001。
高雄市環保局，高雄市轄區大氣戴奧辛/呋喃濃度分析計畫，2001。
台北市環保局北投焚化廠，台北市垃圾焚化爐-北投廠和木柵廠區內外環境中的戴奧辛、重金屬污染物風險評估與管理，2002。
中華民國環保署，電弧爐煉鋼廠乙座與四座大型垃圾焚化廠周界空氣,植物及土壤中戴奧辛含量調查計畫，2002。台東縣環保局，台東市地區垃圾焚化廠周界空氣中及植物、土壤戴奧辛含量濃度調查及分析計畫，2002。
行政院環保署，垃圾焚化廠與戴奧辛，1995。

國外文獻
Aceves M., Grimalt J.; Seasonally dependent size distributions of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols from densely populated areas., Environmental Science & Technology 27, 2896-2908, l993.
Altwicker, E. R.; Formation of Precursors to Chlorinated Dioxin/furans under Heterogeneous Condtions. Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 88, pp. 349-368, 1993.
Bacci E., Cerejeira M.J., Gaggi C., Chemello G., Calamari D., Vighi, M.; Chlorinated dioxins: volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 48, 401-408, 1992.
Ballschmiter k., Zoller W., Buchert H., Class T. F. Z.; Analytical Chemistry 322-587, 1985.
Beurskens,J. E. M., Decker, C. G. C., Jonkhoff, J., Pomstra, L.; Microbial dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene in a sedimentation area of the Rhine River.Biogeochemistry 19,pp.61-81,1993
Broz J., Grabic R., Kilian J., Lojkasek M., Marklund S., Ocelka T., Pekarek V., Pribyl J., Tydlitat V.; The effect of oils on PAH, PCDD,PCDF, and PCB emissions from a spark engine fueled with leaded gasoline., Chemosphere 41, 1905-1911, 2000.
Cains, P. E.; Mccausland, L. J.; Fernandes, A. R.; Dyke, P.; Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans Formation in Incineration: Effects of Fly Ash and Carbon Source. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 776-785, 1997.
Carroll, W. F. JR.; Berger, T. C.; Borrelli, F. E.; Garrity, P. J.; Jacobs, R. A.; Ledvina, J.; Lewis, J. W.; McCreedy, R. L.; Smith, T. P.; Tuhovak, D. R.; Weston, A. F.; Characterization of Emissions of Dioxins and Furans from Ethylene Dichloride, Vinyl Chloride Monomer and Polyvinyl Chloride Facilities in the United States. Consolodated Report. Chemosphere, Vol. 43, pp. 689-700, 2001.
Caserini, S.; Monguzzi, A. M.; PCDD-Fs Emissions Inventory in the Lombardy Region: Results and Uncertainties. Chemophere, Vol. 36, pp. 2483-2490, 1998.
Chrostowski P.C.,Foster S.A.,A methodology for assessing congener-specific partitioning and plant uptake of dioxin and dioxin-likecompounds.;Chemosphere,Vol.32,pp.2285-2304,1996
Coleman, P. J.; Lee, R. G.M.; Alcock, R. E.; Jones, K. C.; Observations on PAH, PCB, and PCDD/F Trends in U. K. Urben Air 1991-1995;, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 2120-2124, 1997.
Dickson, L. C.; Lenoir, D.; Hutzinger, O.; Surface-catalyzed Formation of Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans during Incineration;, Chemosphere, Vol. 19, pp. 277-282, 1989.
Dickson, L. C.; Lenoir, D.; Hutzinger, O.; Quantitative Comparison of de Novo and Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-pdioxins under Simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Postcombustion Condition; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 26, pp. 1822-1828, 1992.
Domingo J.L., Schhmacher M., Muller L., Rivera J., Granero S., Llobet J.M.; Evaluating environmental impact of an old municipal waste incinerator: PCDD/F levels in soil and vegetation samples., Journal of Hazardous Materials 76, 1-12, 2000.
Domingo J. L ., Schhmacher M., Agranmunt M.C., Llobet J.M., Rivera J., Muller L.; PCDD/F levers in the neighbourhood of a municipal solid waste incinerator after introduction of technical improvements in the facility., Environment International 28, 19-27, 2002.
Eduljee G. H., Townsend D. I.; Evaluation of potential mechanisms governing dioxin congener profiles in soils near combustion sources., Chemosphere 16 1095-1104, 1987.
Eduljee G. H.,; Dyke, P.; An Updated Inventory of Potential PCDD and PCDF Emission Sources in the UK; The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 177, pp. 303-321, 1996.
Eduljee G. H.,; Gair A.J.; Validation of a methodology for modelling PCDD and PCDF intake via the food chain., The Science of the Total Eviroment 187, 211-229, 1996.
Eduljee G.H., Gair A. J.; Setting dioxin emission limits for MSW incinerators: a multimedia exposure assessment framework., Waste Manage 15, 335–348, 1997.
Eitzer B.D.,Hites R.A.;Atmospheric transport and deposition of Poly
-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans.;Environ Sci Technol, Vol.23,pp.1396-1401,1989
Eitzer B.D.,Hites R.A.;Poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzo
-furans in the ambient atmosphere of Bloomington,Indiana Environ. Sci Technol,Vol.23,pp.1389-1395,1989
EPA, EPA Environmental New, PA Announces Consent Agreements with Monsanto on Two West Virginia Dump Sites. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources Public Information Office; Charleston, WV, 1986.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA). Dioxins risk: are we sure yet? Environ. Sci. Technol 29, 24A-28A, 1995.
Esposito M.P., Tiernan T.O. and Dryden.; Dioxin., EPA/600/2-80-197.
Farmer E.E.,;Relative detachability of soil particles by simulated rainfall;Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,Vol.37,pp.629-633,1973
Fiedler H., Timms C.W., Hutzinger.; Dioxin: Sources of Environmental Load and Human Exposure., Toxicol. Envir. Chem. 29, 157-234, 1990.
Fieldler H.,; Formation and Sources of PCDD/PCDF; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 11, pp. 221-228, 1993.
Fiedler H.,; Sources of PCDD/PCDF and Impact on the Environment;, Chemosphere, Vol. 11, pp. 55-64, 1996.
Gullett, B. K.; Bruce, K. R.; Beach, L. O.; Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on the Formation Mechanism of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin and Dibenzofuran in Municipal Waste Combustors; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 26, pp. 1938-1943, 1992.
Gullett, B. K.; Lemleux, P. M.; Dunn, J. E.; Role of Combustion and Sotbent Parameters in Prevention of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran Formation during Waste Combustion; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 107-118, 1994.
Gon Ok, Sung-Hee Ji, Sang-Jo Kim, Young-Kyo Kim, Ji-Hoon Park, Young-Seup Kim, Young-Ho Han; Monitoring of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
Of pine needles in Korea., Chemosphere 46, 1351-1357, 2002.
Hagenmaier, H.; Kraft, M.; Brunner, H.; Haag, R.; Catalytic Effects of Fly Ash from Waste Incineration Facilities on the Decomposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 21, pp. 1080-1084, 1987.
Hagenmaler, H.; Undig, C.; She, J.; Correlation of Environmental Occurance of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans with Possible Sources; Organohalogen Compounds, pp. 271-274, 1993.
Hattemer-Frey H.A., Travis C.C.; Comparison of human exposure to dioxin from municipal waste incineration and background environmental contamination., Chemosphere 18, 643-649, 1989.
Hell, K.; Altwicker, E. R.; Stieglitz, L.; Addink, R.; Comparison of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Conversion to PCDD/PCDF on A MSWI-Fly Ash and A Model Fly Ash; Chemosphere, Vol. 40, pp. 995-1001, 2000.
Hessische L. F. U.; Immissionsbelastung der Atmosphare durch polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) und andere Chloraromaten Meaergcbnisse aus Hwscn., Umwtltplanung, brbeitsund Umweltschutz Heft 151, 1943.
Heidelore Fiedler.; Sources of PCDD/PCDF and Impact on the Environment., Chemosphere 32, 55-64, 1996.
Heike Kaupp., Michael S. McLachlan.; Atmospheric particle size distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition., Atmospheric Environment 33, 85-95, 1999.
Heike Kaupp., Michael S. McLachlan; Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within the full size range of atmospheric particles; Atmospheric Environment 34,73-83,2000
Hiester, E.; Bruckman, P.; Bohm, R.; Eynck, P.; Mülder, A.; Ristow, W. Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 24, pp. 147-152, 1995.
Hippelein M., Kaupp. H., Dorr G., Mctachlan M.S.; Testing of a sampling system and analytical method for determination of semivolatile organic compounds in ambient air., Chemosphere 26, 2255-2263, 1993.
Hippelein M., Kaupp. H.,Dorr G.,McLachlan M.S.,Hutzinger O.;Baseline contamination assessmant for a new resource recovery facility in Germany Part Ⅱ:Atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F. Chemosphere, Vol. 32, pp. 1605-1616, 1996.
Hiraoka, M.; Takeda, N.; Okajima, S.; Catalytic Destruction of PCDDs in Flue Gas;, Chemosphere, Vol. 19, pp. 361-366, 1989.
Hofstadler, K.; Friedacher, A.; Gebert, W.; Lanzerstorfer, C.; Dioxin at Sinter Plants and Electric Arc Furnaces – Emission Profiles and Removal Efficiency;, Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 46, pp. 66-69, 2000.
Holsen T. M., Nol I K. E., Liu S. P., Lee, W. J.; Dry Deposition of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Urban Areas., Environmental Science & Technology 25, 1075-1081, 1991.
Howard, H.P., Banerjee, S.; Interpreting resulvs from biodegradability test of chemicals in water and soil. Environ.Toxicol Chem. Vol. 3,pp. 551-562, 1984
Huang H., Buekens A.; On the mechanisms of Dioxin Formation in Combution Process., Chemosphere 31, 4099-4017, 1995.
Hulster A.,Muller J.F.,Marschner H.;Soil-plant transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to vegetables of the cucumber family（Cucurbitaceae）.;Environ Sci Technol,Vol.28,pp.1110-1115
,1994
Hums, E.; Joisten, M.; Müller, R.; Sigling, R.; Spielmann, H.; Innovative Lines of SCR Catalysis: No Reduction for Stationary Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas and Dioxin Abatement for Waste Incineration Facilities; Catalysis Today, Vol. 27, pp. 29-34, 1996.
Hutzinger O. and Fiedler H.; Formation of Dioxins and Related Compounds in Combustion Processes. PilotStudy on International in Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds. Report Number 172. August 1988, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Committee on Challenges of Modern Society, Brussels, Belgium, 1988.
Hutzinger O. and Fiedler H.;From Source to Exposure:Some Open Question.；Chemospere 27,121-122
Iino, F.; Imagawa, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Sadakata, M.; Weber, R.; Formation Rates of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Dibenzo-p-Dioxins from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Activated Carbon and Phenol; Chemosphere, Vol. 39, pp. 2749-2756, 1999.
Jeong-Eun Oh, Jin-Soo CHOI, Yoon-Seok Chang .; Gas /particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in atmosphere; evaluation of predicting models;Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 4125-4134.
Jeong-Eun Oh, Yoon-Seok Chang, Eun-Jung Kim, Dai-Woon Lee.; Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in different sizes of airborne particles. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 5109-5117.
Jimenez B., Eljarrat E., Hernandez L.M., Rivera J.,Gonzalez M.J.; Polychlorinayed Dibenzo-P-Dioxin and Dibenzofurans in Soil near a Clinical Waste Incinerator in Madrid,Spain.Chemometric Comparison with other Pollution Sources and Soils., Chemosphere 32, 1327-1348, 1996.
John Wiley & Sons, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering Vol. 17, 1989.
Junge C.E.;Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environment, Part 1.Wiley Interscience.New York,8,pp.7-25
Kakareka, S. V. ; Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants Emission on the Territory of Belarus; Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, pp. 1407-1419, 2002.
Karasek, F. W.; Dickson, L. C. Science, Vol. 237, pp. 754, 1987.
Katz M., Chan C.; Comparative distribution of eight polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected by conventional high-volume sampling and by size fractionation., Environmental Science & Technology. 14, 838-843, 1980.
Kaupp H. , Towara J., McLachlan M. S.; Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in atmospheric particulate matter with respect to particle size., Atmosphere Environment 28, 585-593, 1994.
Kaupp H., McLachlan M. S.; Atmospheric particle size distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition., Atmospheric Environment 33, 85-95, 1999.
Kawamoto,K.,Urano,K.;Parameters for predicting fate of organochlorine pesticides in the environment (Ⅲ) biodegradation rate contants.,Chemosphere Vol.21,pp. 1141-1152, 1990
Kilian E.C. Smith,Kevin C. Jones;Particles and vegetation:implications for the transfer of particle-bound organic contaminants to vegetation.
;The Science of the Total Environment 246,pp.207-236,2000
Koester C. J., Hites R.A.; Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash.., Environ. Sci. Technol. 26,pp. 502-507, 1992
Krishnamoorthy, S.; Baker, J. P.; Amiridis, M. D.; Catalytic Oxidation of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene over V2O5/TiO2-based Catalysts; Catalysis Today, Vol. 40, pp. 39-46, 1998.
Kurokawa Y., Matsueda T., Nakamura M., Takada S., Fukamachi K.;
Characterization of non-ortho coplanar PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere.,Chemosphere 32, 491-500, 1996.
Kurokawa Y., Takahiko M., Matayoshi N., Satoshi T., Kazurni F.; Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in various sizes of airborne particles., Chemosphere 37, 2161-2171, 1998.
Launhardt T., Thoma H.; Investigation on organic pollutants from a domestic heating system using various solid biofuels., Chemosphere 40, 1149-1157, 2000.
Lee, R. G. M.; Green, N.J.L.; Lohmann, R.; Jones, K. C.; Seasonal, Anthropogenic, Air Mass, and Meteorological Influences on the Atmospheric Concentrations of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) : Evidence for the Importance of Diffuse Combustion Sources;, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 2864-2871, 1999.
Leeuwen, F. X. R.; Feeley, M.; Schrenk, D.; Larsen, J. C.; Farland, W.; Younes, M.; Dioxins: WHO`s Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Revisited; Chemosphere, Vol. 40, pp. 1095-1101, 2000.
Lohmann, R.;Green, N. J. L.; Jones, K. C.; Detailed Studies of the Factors Controlling Atmospheric PCDD/F Concentrations; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 4440-4447, 1999.
Lohmann R.,Kevin C.;Dioxins and furans in air and deposition:a review of levels,behavior and processes.;The Science of the Total Environmental 1998,Vol.29,pp.53-81
Lorber M.;Development of an air-to-leaf vapor phase transfer factor for dioxins and furans.;Organohalogen Compd,Vol.24,pp.179-186,1995
Luijk, R.; Akkerman, D. M.; Slot, P.; Olie, K.; Kapteijn, F.; Mechanism of Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Catalyzed Combustion of Carbon;, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 312-321, 1994.
Manahan S. E.; A guide to toxic substances in chemistry., Toxicological Chemistry, Lewis Publishers Inc,1989.
Marklund S., Rappe C., Tysklind M., Egeback K.E.; Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins in exhausts from cars run on leaded Gasoline., Chemosphere 16, 29-36, 1987.
Marklund S., Andresson R., Tysklind M., Rappe C., Egeback K.E., Bjorkman E., Grigoriadis V.; Emission of PCDDs and PCDFs in gasoline and diesel fueled cars., Chemosphere 20, 553-561, 1990.
Martinez M., J. Diaz-Ferrero, R. Marti, F. Broto-Puig, L.Comellas, M.C. Rodriguez-Larerna; Analysis of dioxin-like compounds in vegetation and soil samples burned in Catalan forest fire.Comparison with the corresponding unburned material., Chemosphere 41, 1927-1935, 2000.
McKay, G.; Dioxin Characterisation, Formation and Minimisation duing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration: Review;, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 86, pp. 343-368, 2002.
McLachlan M.S.;A simple model to predict the accumulation of PCDD/Fs in an agricultural food chain.;Chemospere,Vol.34,pp.1263-
1276,1997
Milligan, M. S.; Altwicker, E.; The Relationship between de Novo Synthesis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Low-Temperature Carbon Gasification in Fly Ash; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 27, pp. 1595-1601, 1993.
Montserrat Meneses, Marta Schuhmacher, Jose L. Domingo; A sedign of two simple models to predict PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation and soils., Chemosphere 46, 1393-1402, 2002.
MSP Corporation;Micro-orifice Uniform DepositImpactor（MOUDI）,
1989
Murphy T.J.,Simmons J.O.,Eds M.S.,In Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes；Wiley Interscience, New York,1984,pp.53-79
Mylonas D. T., Alien D.T., Ehrman S.H. and Partsinis S.E.; The sources and size distributions of organonitrates in Los Angeles aerosol., Atmosphere Environment 25, 2855-2861, 1991.
Nadal M., Agramunt M.C., Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L.; PCDD/PCDF congener porfiles in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a muninipal waste incinerator before and after pronounced reductions of PCDD/PCDF emissions form the facility., Chemosphere 49, 153-159, 2002.
Ogura, I.; Masunaga, S.; Nakanishi, J., Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the Kanto Region, Japan, Chemosphere Vol. 44, Issue: 6, September, pp. 1473-1487, 2001.
Oh, J. E.; Lee, K. T.; Lee, J. W.; Chang, Y. S.; The Evaluation of PCDD/Fs from Various Korean Incinerators;, Chemsphere, Vol. 38, pp. 2097-2108, 1999.
Okamoto, Y.; Tomonari, M.; Formation Pathways from 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP) to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs):An Ab Initio Study; The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.; Vol. 103, pp. 7686-7691, 1999.
Osada, Y.; Fujii, S.; Yokoyama, T.; Behavior of PCDDs/PCDFs Homologues at Inlet/Outlet of Baghouse under Stable MSW Combustion; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 36, pp. 249-252, 1998.
Pacyna J.M.; Sources, particle size distribution and transport of aerosols., In Airborne Particulate Matter Kouimtzis, T , Samara, C., Eds. pp. 69-97, Springer, Berlin, 1995.
Pankow J.F,Bidleman T.F.;Common y-intercepts and single compound regressions of gas-particle partitioning data vs.1/T.Atmos Environ,
1992;26A,pp.1071-1080
Pankow J.F.,An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning between the gas and aerosal particulate in the atmosphere. .Atmos Environ,1994;28
,pp.185-188
PCBs,PCDDs and PCDFs: Prevention and Control of Accidental and Environmental Exposures (Environmental Health Series, No.32) ,WHO Regional Office for Europe,Copenhagen ,1987.
Pfeiffer F., Struschka M., Baumbach G., Hagenmaier H., Hein K.R.L.; PCDD/PCDF emissions from small firing systems in households., Chemosphere 40, 225-232, 2000.
Pfeiffer F., Struschka M., Baumbach G., Hagenmaier H., Hein K.R.G; PCDD/PCDF emissions from small fiving systems in households., Germany, Chemosphere 40 (200)225-232
Pierce R. C, Katz M.; Dependency of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content on size distribution of atmospheric aersols., Environmental Science & Technology 9, 347-354, 1975.
Rainer L.,Robert G.M.Lee,Nicholas J.L. Green;Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs indaily air samples.Atmosphere Environ 2000,Vol.34,pp.2529-2537
Randall, D.; Shoraka-Blair, S.An Evaluation of the Cost of Incinerating Wastes containing PVC. ASME Research Report, Vol. 31, 1994.
Rappe C.; Sources of Exposure, Environmental Concentrantions and Exposure Assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs., Chemosphere 27, 211-225, 1993.
Rawls R.L.; Dow Finds Support, Doubt for Dioxin Ideas., Chem. and Eng. News, 57,23, 1979.
Reiko Nakagawa ,Tsuguhide Hori ,Kazuhiro Tobiishi ,Takao Iida , Tomoaki Tsutsumi ,Kumiko Sasaki ,Masatake Toyoda ; Level and Tissue-dependent distribution of dioxin in Japanese domestic vegetables-from the 1999 national investigation., Chemosphere 48, 247-256, 2000.
Rigo, H. G.; John, C. A.; Steven, L. W. The Relationship between Chlorine in Waste Stream and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks. ASME Research Report, CRTD Vol.36, 1995.
Schuler. F, Schmid.P, and Schlatter. CH.; Photodegradation of poly
-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in cuticular waxes of Laurel Cherry (Prunus Laurocerasus); Chemosphere. Vol. 36, No. 1. pp. 21-34, 1998.
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J. L., Llobet L., Muller J.M., Jager J.; Level of PCDDs and PCDFs in grasses and weeds collected near a municipal solid Waste incinerator., The Science of the Total Eviroment 201, 53-62, 1997.
Schuhmacher M., Xifro A., Llobet J.M., de Kok H.A.M., Domingo J.L.; PCDD/Fs in soil samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator: human health risks., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33, 239-246, 1997.
Schhmacher M. Domingo J. L.;.Llobet J.M; Muller L.; Stinderhauf W.; Jager J.;1997,Baseline Levels of PCDD/Fs in Vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a new Hardous Waste Incineratior in Catalonia,Spain, Chemosphere, Vol. 36 ,No.12 pp.2581-2591,1998
Schhmacher M., Domingo J. L.;.Llobet J.M, Muller L., Stinderhauf W.;Temporal variation of PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator (1996-1997)., The Science of Total Environment 218, 175-183, 1998.
Schhmacher M., Domingo J.L., Granero S., Llobet J.M., Eljarrat E., Rivera J.; Soil Monitoring in the Vicnity of a Municipal Soild Waste Incinerator: Temporal Viration of PCDD/Fs., Chemosphere 39, 419-429, 1999.
Schuhmachera M., Graneroa S., Riverab J., Mullerc L., Llobeta J.M., Domingoa J.L.; Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs near an old municipal solid waste incinerator: levels in soil and vegetation., Chemosphere 40, 593-600, 2000.
Schhmacher M., Domingo J. L., Granero S.; Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in soil and vegetation samples collected near to a municipal waste incinerator., Chemosphere 43, 517-524, 2001.
Schuhmacher M., Bocio A., Agramunt M.C., Domingo J.L., de Kok H.A.M.; PCDD/F and metal concentrations in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a cement., Chemosphere 48, 209-217, 2002.
Schhmacher M., Agramunt M.C., Rodriguez-Larena M.C., Diaz-Ferrero J., Domingo J. L.; Baseline Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a new Hardous Waste Incineratior in Catalonia,Spain., Chemosphere 46, 1343-1350, 2002.
Seija Sinkkonen, Jaakko Paasivirta.; Degradation half- life times of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs for environmental fate modeling; Chemosphere 40 (2000) 943-949.
Shiu W.Y., Doucette W., Gobas F.A.P.C., Andren A., Mackay D.; Physical-chemical properties of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Sci. Technol 22, 651-658, 1988.
Sin, D. W. M.; Choi, I. Y. Y.; Louie, P. K. K.; A Study of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Atmosphere of Hong Kong; Chemosphere, Vol. 47, pp. 647-653, 2002.
Stieglitz, L.; Vogg, H.; Report KFK 4379, Laboratorium fur Isotopentechnik, Institut fur Heize Chemi, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 1988.
Stieglitz, L.; Vogg, H.; Bautz, H.; Beck, J.; Zwick, G.; The Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on the De-Novo-Synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on Fly Ash; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 3, pp. 175-177, 1990.
Stieglitz, L.; Vogg, H.; Zwick, G.; Beck, J.; Bautz, H.; On Formation Conditions of Organohalogen Compounds from Particulate Carbon of Fly Ash; Chemosphere, Vol. 23, pp. 1255-1264, 1991.
Strachan,W.M.J.;Eisenreich,S.J.;Mass Balancing of Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes:The Role of Atmospheric Deposition; International Joint Commission workshop report,Scarborough,Ontario,1986
Tan, P.; Hurtado, I.; Neuschütz, D.; Thermodynamic Modeling of PCDD/Fs Formation in Thermal Processes; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 1867-1874, 2001.
Tartler, M.; Vermeulen, M.; Winden, T. V.; Dioxin Reduction in Domestic Waste Incineration Plants – The AVA NijmegenPlant as An Example; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 27, pp. 68-71, 1996.
Trapp S.,Matthies M.;Generic one-compartment model for uptake of organic chemicals by foliar vegetation.;Environ Sci Technol,Vol.29
,pp.2333-2338,1995
Trapp S.,Matthies M.;Modeling volatilization of PCDD/F from soil and uptake into vegetation.;Sci Technol,Vol.31,pp.71-74,1997
US EPA, Locating and estimating air emission from source of Polycycle Organic Matter（POM）, EPA-45014-84-007, 1987.
US EPA Health Assessment Document for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo
-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, EPA/600/Bp-92/001c Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds, EPA/600/6-88/
005Cb, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1994a.
US EPA, Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document (CETRED), Report No. EPA 530-R-94-014, Washington, DC, 1994b.
US EPA, Alternative Control Techniques Document – Nox Emissions from Iron and Steel Mills. EPA-453/R-94-065, 1994c.
US EPA, Profile of the Iron and Steel Industry. EPA/310-R-95-005, 1995.
US EPA, The inventory of sources of dioxin in the united states, EPA/600/P-98/002Aa, April 1998.
US EPA, The inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the United States, EPA/600/P-98/002Aa, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1998
US EPA, Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, EPA/600/P-00/001Bb, 2000.
US EPA, Database of Sources of Environmental Releases of Dioxin like Compounds in the United States, EPA/600/C-01/012, 2001.
Van Vaeck L., Broddin G., Van Cauwenberghe K. A.; Differences in particle size distributions of major pollutants in ambient aerosols in urban, rural, and seashore areas., Environmental Science & Technology 13, l494-1502, 1979.
Van Jaarsveld J.A., Schutter M.A.A.; Modelling the long-range transport and deposition of dioxins; first results for NW Europe., Chemosphere 27, 131-139, 1993.
Venkataraman , C., Lyons J. M., Fiiedlander S. K.; Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon 1. sampling, measurement methods, and source characterization., Environmental Science & Technology 28, 555-562, 1994.
Vogg, H.; Metzger, M.; Stieglitz.; L.; Recent Findings on the Formation and Decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration; Waste Management & Research, Vol. 5, pp. 285-294, 1987.
Wagner, J.; Green, A.; Correlation of Chlorinated Organic Compound Emissions from Incineration with Chlorinated Organic Input;, Chemosphere, Vol. 26, pp. 2039-2054, 1993.
Wallenhost, T., Kraub, P., Hagenmaier, H., PCDD/F in ambient air and deposition in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany., Chemosphere Vol. 34, pp. 1369-1378, 1997.
Welsch-Pausch K.,McLachlan M.S.;Determination of the Principal Pathways of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans tp Lolium Multiflorum.,Environmental Science and Technology 1995,Vol l29,pp.2190-2197
Weber, R.; Sakurai, T.; Hagenmaier, H.; Low Temperature Decomposition of PCDD/PCDF, Chlorobenzenes and PAHs by TiO2-based V2O5-WO3 Catalysis; Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 20, pp. 249-256, 1999.
Wevers, M.; De Fré, R. D.; Estimated Evolution of Dioxin Emissions in Belgium from 1985 to 1995; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 24, pp. 105-108, 1995.
Whitby K.T.; The physical charactenstics of sulfur aerosols., Atmospheric Environment 12, 135- 159, 1978.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen,; PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs: Prevention and Control of Accidental and Environmental Exposures; Environmental Health Series, Vol. 32, 1987.
Wiesenhahn, D. F.; Li, C. P.; Penner, S. S.; A Simplified Model for Dioxin and Furan Formation in Municipal-waste Incinerators; Energy, Vol. 13, pp. 225-237, 1988.
Wikström, E.; Löfvenius, G.; Rappe, C.; Marklund, S.; Influence of Level and Form of Chlorine on the Formation of Chlorinated Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Benzenes duing Combustion of An Artificial Fuel in a Laboratory Reactor; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 1637-1644, 1996.
Wikström, E.; Marklund, S.; Secondary Formation of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, Biphenyls, Benzenes, and Phenols duing MSW Combustion; Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 604-609, 2000.
Wilken, M.; Böske, J.; Jager, J.; Zeschmar- Lahl, B.; PCDD/F, PCB, Chlobenzene and Chlorophenol Emissions of a Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant (MSWI) – Variation within a Five Day Routine Performance and Influence of Mg(OH)2-Addition; Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 11, pp. 241-244, 1993.
Wintermeyer D., Rotard W.; Dioxin-emission und. deposition in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland-Versuch einer Bilanzierung., Staub-Reinhaltung der Lull 54, 81-86, 1994.
Yamasaki h.,KuwataK.,MiyamotoH.;Effects of ambient air temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Environ Sci Technol 1982;16:189
Yang, H. H.; Lee, W. J.; Chen, S. J.; Lai, S. O.; PAH Emission from Various Industrial Stacks; Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 60, pp. 159-174, 1998.
Yasuhara, A.; Katami, T.; Okuda, T.; Ohno, N.; Shibamoto, T.; Formation of Sodium Chloride and Poly(Vinyl Chloride); Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 1373-1378, 2001.
Yoichi Kurokawa, Matsueda Takahiko, Nakamura, Takada Satoshi, Fukamachi Kazumi;”Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibeno-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Sizes of Airborne Particles”;Chemosphere,Vol.37,pp.2161-2171,1998

網址
http://www.esb.utexas.edu