| 研究生: |
杜淑薇 Do, Thuc Vi |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
How Firm Location Affects Equity Crowdfunding and Post-Funding Outcomes? How Firm Location Affects Equity Crowdfunding and Post-Funding Outcomes? |
| 指導教授: |
謝惠璟
Hsieh, Hui-Ching Sana |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 國際經營管理研究所 Institute of International Management |
| 論文出版年: | 2021 |
| 畢業學年度: | 109 |
| 語文別: | 英文 |
| 論文頁數: | 66 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Firm location, Right state, High – tech city, Equity crowdfunding, Post-funding |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:204 下載:0 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Equity crowdfunding (ECF) is a relatively new alternative method for financing start-ups in the early stage. Due to online funding, there is a lack of research focus on the effects of firm location on equity crowdfunding and post-funding. Because the main industries vary from state to state in the U.S, we introduce a new location that is “right state” to investigate the effects of this location on ECF campaign. We also analyze the impact of well-known high-tech cities in the U.S, which are Silicon Valley and Boston. The study found that the importance of firm location is diminished in equity crowdfunding. However, firm location still affects the probability of obtaining post-funding. Particularly, firms are located in the right state or high-tech cites have a higher chance of receiving further funding after ECF round. Moreover, the study shows that it is critical for high-tech firms to locate in the high-tech city instead of the right state. The results shed light on the impact of firm location in the later funding round that ECF firms should not overlook.
Agrawal, A., Catalini, C., & Goldfarb, A. (2014). Some simple economics of crowdfunding. Innovation Policy and The Economy, 14(1), 63-97.
Agrawal, A. K., Catalini, C., & Goldfarb, A. (2011). The geography of crowdfunding: National bureau of economic research.
Ahlers, G. K., Cumming, D., Günther, C., & Schweizer, D. (2015). Signaling in equity crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 955-980.
Alcacer, J., & Chung, W. (2007). Location strategies and knowledge spillovers. Management Science, 53(5), 760-776.
Arrow, K. J. (1971). The economic implications of learning by doing Readings in the Theory of Growth. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Assenova, V., Best, J., Cagney, M., Ellenoff, D., Karas, K., Moon, J., . . . Sorenson, O. (2016). The present and future of crowdfunding. California Management Review, 58(2), 125-135.
Audretsch, D. B., & Aldridge, T. T. (2009). 11 Knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship and regional development. Handbook of regional growth and development theories, 201.
Bania, N., Eberts, R. W., & Fogarty, M. S. (1993). Universities and the startup of new companies: can we generalize from Route 128 and Silicon Valley? The review of economics and statistics, 761-766.
Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585-609.
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1998). The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle. Journal of Banking & Finance, 22(6-8), 613-673.
Bernile, G., Kumar, A., & Sulaeman, J. (2015). Home away from home: Geography of information and local investors. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(7), 2009-2049.
Block, J., Hornuf, L., & Moritz, A. (2018). Which updates during an equity crowdfunding campaign increase crowd participation? Small Business Economics, 50(1), 3-27.
Block, J. H., Colombo, M. G., Cumming, D. J., & Vismara, S. (2018). New players in entrepreneurial finance and why they are there. Small Business Economics, 50(2), 239-250.
Booltink, L. W., & Saka-Helmhout, A. (2018). The effects of R&D intensity and internationalization on the performance of non-high-tech SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 36(1), 81-103.
Borello, G., De Crescenzo, V., & Pichler, F. (2015). The funding gap and the role of financial return crowdfunding: Some evidence from European platforms. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 20(1), 1-20.
Brace, P. (1991). The changing context of state political economy. The Journal of Politics, 53(2), 297-317.
Carbonara, N. (2020). The role of geographical clusters in the success of reward-based crowdfunding campaigns. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 22(1), 18-32.
Cassar, G. (2004). The financing of business start-ups. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 261-283.
Cholakova, M., & Clarysse, B. (2015). Does the possibility to make equity investments in crowdfunding projects crowd out reward–based investments? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 145-172.
Colombo, M. G., Franzoni, C., & Rossi–Lamastra, C. (2015). Internal social capital and the attraction of early contributions in crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 75-100.
Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67.
Cosh, A., Cumming, D., & Hughes, A. (2009). Outside enterpreneurial capital. The Economic Journal, 119(540), 1494-1533.
Coughlin, C. C., & Segev, E. (2000). Location determinants of new foreign‐owned manufacturing plants. Journal of Regional Science, 40(2), 323-351.
Coval, J. D., & Moskowitz, T. J. (2001). The geography of investment: Informed trading and asset prices. Journal of Political Economy, 109(4), 811-841.
Cumming, D., & Dai, N. (2010). Local bias in venture capital investments. Journal of Empirical Finance, 17(3), 362-380.
Cumming, D., Meoli, M., & Vismara, S. (2019). Does equity crowdfunding democratize entrepreneurial finance? Small Business Economics, 56(0), 533-552.
Cumming, D., Walz, U., & Werth, J. C. (2016). Entrepreneurial spawning: experience, education, and exit. Financial Review, 51(4), 507-525.
Davila, A., Foster, G., & Gupta, M. (2003). Venture capital financing and the growth of startup firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 689-708.
De Silva, D. G., & McComb, R. P. (2012). Geographic concentration and high tech firm survival. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(4), 691-701.
Dean, B. V., & Giglierano, J. J. (1990). Multistage financing of technical start-up companies in Silicon Valley. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(6), 375-389.
Desrochers, P., & Sautet, F. (2004). Cluster-based economic strategy, facilitation policy and the market process. The review of Austrian economics, 17(2), 233-245.
Dun&Bradstreet. (2021). Home page. from https://www.dnb.com/
Ellison, G., Glaeser, E. L., & Kerr, W. R. (2010). What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns. American Economic Review, 100(3), 1195-1213.
Etzkowitz, H., & Dzisah, J. (2008). Unity and diversity in high-tech growth and renewal: Learning from Boston and Silicon Valley. European Planning Studies, 16(8), 1009-1024.
Ferrary, M., & Granovetter, M. (2009). The role of venture capital firms in Silicon Valley's complex innovation network. Economy and society, 38(2), 326-359.
Florida, R., & Kenney, M. (1988). Venture capital and high technology entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(4), 301-319.
Florida, R. L., & Kenney, M. (1988). Venture capital, high technology and regional development. Regional Studies, 22(1), 33-48.
Freear, J., Sohl, J. E., & Wetzel Jr, W. E. (1994). Angels and non-angels: Are there differences? Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 109-123.
Giudici, G., Nava, R., Rossi Lamastra, C., & Verecondo, C. (2012). Crowdfunding: The new frontier for financing entrepreneurship? Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2157429
Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., & Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), 1126-1152.
Goldschlag, N., & Miranda, J. (2020). Business dynamics statistics of high tech industries. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 29(1), 3-30.
Gompers, P. A., & Lerner, J. (1999). What drives venture capital fundraising? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, 1998(1998), 149-204.
Guenther, C., Johan, S., & Schweizer, D. (2018). Is the crowd sensitive to distance?—How investment decisions differ by investor type. Small Business Economics, 50(2), 289-305.
Hellmann, T., & Thiele, V. (2015). Friends or foes? The interrelationship between angel and venture capital markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 115(3), 639-653.
Hemer, J. (2011). A snapshot on crowdfunding: Arbeitspapiere Unternehmen und Region.
Henderson, V. (2003). The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1), 47-71.
Hormiga, E., Batista‐Canino, R. M., & Sánchez‐Medina, A. (2011). The impact of relational capital on the success of new business start‐ups. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(4), 617-638.
Hornuf, L., Schmitt, M., & Stenzhorn, E. (2018). Equity crowdfunding in Germany and the United Kingdom: Follow‐up funding and firm failure. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 26(5), 331-354.
Hornuf, L., & Schwienbacher, A. (2016). Crowdinvesting: Angel investing for the masses? Handbook of research on business angels. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hornuf, L., & Schwienbacher, A. (2017). Should securities regulation promote equity crowdfunding? Small Business Economics, 49(3), 579-593.
Hornuf, L., & Schwienbacher, A. (2018). Market mechanisms and funding dynamics in equity crowdfunding. Journal of Corporate Finance, 50(0), 556-574.
Howe, J. (2006). The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, 14(6), 1-4.
Jednak, S., Kragulj, D., & Parežanin, M. (2018). Knowledge and industry clusters as drivers of economic development and competitiveness. Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici(39), 3-17.
Josefy, M., Dean, T. J., Albert, L. S., & Fitza, M. A. (2017). The role of community in crowdfunding success: Evidence on cultural attributes in funding campaigns to “save the local theater”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(2), 161-182.
Kallberg, J. G., & Udell, G. F. (2003). The value of private sector business credit information sharing: the US case. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(3), 449-469.
Kalnins, A., & Chung, W. (2006). Social capital, geography, and survival: Gujarati immigrant entrepreneurs in the US lodging industry. Management Science, 52(2), 233-247.
Kang, M., Gao, Y., Wang, T., & Zheng, H. (2016). Understanding the determinants of funders’ investment intentions on crowdfunding platforms. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(8), 1800-1819.
Kleinert, S., Volkmann, C., & Grünhagen, M. (2020). Third-party signals in equity crowdfunding: the role of prior financing. Small Business Economics, 54(1), 341-365.
Lasch, F., Robert, F., & Le Roy, F. (2013). Regional determinants of ICT new firm formation. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 671-686.
Ley, A., & Weaven, S. (2011). Exploring agency dynamics of crowdfunding in start-up capital financing. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(1), 85-110.
Li, X., Tang, Y., Yang, N., Ren, R., Zheng, H., & Zhou, H. (2016). The value of information disclosure and lead investor in equity-based crowdfunding. Nankai Business Review International, 7(3), 301-321.
Lim, S., Ribeiro, D., & Lee, S. M. (2008). Factors affecting the performance of entrepreneurial service firms. The Service Industries Journal, 28(7), 1003-1013.
Lutz, E., Bender, M., Achleitner, A.-K., & Kaserer, C. (2013). Importance of spatial proximity between venture capital investors and investees in Germany. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2346-2354.
Makino, S., Isobe, T., & Chan, C. M. (2004). Does country matter? Strategic Management Journal, 25(10), 1027-1043.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. London: Macmillan.
Marshall, A. (1961). Principles of economics: An introductory volume. London, UK: Macmillan
Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1-16.
Niemand, T., Angerer, M., Thies, F., Kraus, S., & Hebenstreit, R. (2018). Equity crowdfunding across borders: A conjoint experiment. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(4), 912-932.
Nunzia, C. (2020). The role of geographical clusters in the success of reward-based crowdfunding campaigns. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 21(4), 250-262.
Otsuka, A. (2008). Determinants of new firm formation in Japan: A comparison of the manufacturing and service sectors. Economics Bulletin, 18(4), 1-7.
Owen-Smith, J., & Powell, W. W. (2006). Accounting for emergence and novelty in Boston and Bay Area biotechnology. Cluster Genesis: The Emergence of Technology Clusters and Their Implications for Government Policy, volume (0), 61-85.
Pe'er, A., & Keil, T. (2013). Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? Agglomeration, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(3), 354-372.
Piezunka, H., & Dahlander, L. (2015). Distant search, narrow attention: How crowding alters organizations’ filtering of suggestions in crowdsourcing. Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 856-880.
Piva, E., & Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2018). Human capital signals and entrepreneurs’ success in equity crowdfunding. Small Business Economics, 51(3), 667-686.
Plaut, T. R., & Pluta, J. E. (1983). Business climate, taxes and expenditures, and state industrial growth in the United States. Southern Economic Journal, 50(1), 99-119.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Competitive Intelligence Review, 1(1), 14-14.
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition (Vol. 76). Boston, USA: Harvard Business Review Boston.
Raspe, O., & van Oort, F. (2011). Growth of new firms and spatially bounded knowledge externalities. The annals of Regional Science, 46(3), 495-518.
Ren, S., Eisingerich, A. B., & Tsai, H.-T. (2015). How do marketing, research and development capabilities, and degree of internationalization synergistically affect the innovation performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)? A panel data study of Chinese SMEs. International Business Review, 24(4), 642-651.
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional networks: industrial adaptation in Silicon Valley and route 128.
Saxenian, A. (1996). Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, With a New Preface by the Author. Boston, UK: Harvard University Press.
SEC. (2019). Retrieve from https://www.sec.gov/rules/concept/2019/33-10649.pdf
SEC. (2020). Retrieve from https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2020/33-10763.pdf
Signori, A., & Vismara, S. (2016). Returns on investments in equity crowdfunding. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2765488
Signori, A., & Vismara, S. (2018). Does success bring success? The post-offering lives of equity-crowdfunded firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 50(0), 575-591.
Sorenson, O., & Audia, P. G. (2000). The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: Geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940–1989. American Journal of Sociology, 106(2), 424-462.
Sorenson, O., & Stuart, T. E. (2001). Syndication networks and the spatial distribution of venture capital investments. American Journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1546-1588.
Stearns, T. M., Carter, N. M., Reynolds, P. D., & Williams, M. L. (1995). New firm survival: industry, strategy, and location. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1), 23-42.
Stephens, B., Butler, J. S., Garg, R., & Gibson, D. V. (2019). Austin, Boston, Silicon Valley, and New York: Case studies in the location choices of entrepreneurs in maintaining the Technopolis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(0), 267-280.
Stevenson, R. M., Kuratko, D. F., & Eutsler, J. (2019). Unleashing main street entrepreneurship: Crowdfunding, venture capital, and the democratization of new venture investments. Small Business Economics, 52(2), 375-393.
Sulaeman, J. (2014). Do local investors know more? Evidence from mutual fund location and investments. The Quarterly Journal of Finance, 4(02), 1-47.
Tsagem, M. M., Aripin, N., & Ishak, R. (2015). Impact of working capital management, ownership structure and board size on the profitability of small and medium-sized entities in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(0), 77-83.
Tyebjee, T. T., & Bruno, A. V. (1984). A model of venture capitalist investment activity. Management Science, 30(9), 1051-1066.
Uysal, V. B., Kedia, S., & Panchapagesan, V. (2008). Geography and acquirer returns. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17(2), 256-275.
Vismara, S. (2016). Equity retention and social network theory in equity crowdfunding. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 579-590.
Vismara, S. (2018). Information cascades among investors in equity crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(3), 467-497.
Vulkan, N., Åstebro, T., & Sierra, M. F. (2016). Equity crowdfunding: A new phenomena. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 5(0), 37-49.
Wald, A., Holmesland, M., & Efrat, K. (2019). It is not all about money: Obtaining additional benefits through equity crowdfunding. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 28(2), 270-294.
Walthoff-Borm, X., Schwienbacher, A., & Vanacker, T. (2018). Equity crowdfunding: First resort or last resort? Journal of Business Venturing, 33(4), 513-533.
Wilson, N., Wright, M., & Kacer, M. (2018). The equity gap and knowledge-based firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 50(0), 626-649.
Zoominfo. (2021). Home page. Retrieve from https://www.zoominfo.com/